Criminals Blamed Mental Illnesses Of Schizophrenia Essay

Criminals Blames Mental Illnesses Criminal activities characteristically has undesirable consequences for others, provides a compelling reason to think that criminals lack social motivation or is Schizophrenic. Consequently, Schizophrenia, a mental disorder is usually blamed by criminals who doesn’t have an exact reason for killing someone. People who has been characterized as being Schizophrenic, are normally put on medication to help them cope with their actions and emotions. Some symptoms of being Schizophrenic is having false beliefs of what is real and not real, what is clear or unclear, hears voices, lacks motivation to do certain things and withdraw from the outside world. People with schizophrenia often have a different perception of realism. Although schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, there is help available. With support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to function independently and live fulfilling lives (Melinda Smith). However, there are people who uses the disord er an escape goat for their criminal actions, killing and murdering people and expect sympathy due to their illnesses. Schizophrenic disorder has been the blame for many criminal activities over the years. If a person gets diagnosed with a mental problem and shows any sign of bad behavior leading up to criminal act, their mental illness is always the first that people looks at. However, the mental illness is never the issue, therefore, mental illnesses -with the rightShow MoreRelatedCriminal Profiling, Criminal, And Forensic Psychology1226 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal profiling is another subject of criminal and forensic psychology, which is probably one of the oldest studies of forensic science. Criminal profiling has been called many things, such as behavioral profiling, crime scene profiling, criminal personality profiling, psychological profiling, and more recently even criminal investigation analysis. 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An Example of an Introduction Free Essays

An Example Of An Introduction How to write an Introduction It is the intention of this essay to critically analyse how a manager is able to plan, organise, lead and control the introduction of a self management team at Aerospace Technology Port Melbourne manufacturing plant. Secondly, this essay will also critically analyse how a self managing team leader is able to involve team members in problem identification, team meetings and rostering and strategic thinking and problem solving. Thirdly, this essay will seek to critically analyse how team leaders within a self managing team are able to empower other team members to become involve in problem identification and brainstorming of solutions to achieve a competitive advantage over key rivals. We will write a custom essay sample on An Example of an Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body of Essay An Example Of How To Construct A Six Step Paragraph Step one: Write a lead in sentence that refers back to the essay topic It is the intention of this paragraph to analyse how and when Drug Inc. enior managers can deal with resistance to change, downsizing and casualisation of non-core employees. Step Two: Cite expert opinion to support your upcoming cause and effect analytical example. Kotter Schlesinger (1979), as cited in Wood et al. , (2006:504), argues that there are six ways to deal with resistance to change namely education and communication, participation and involvement, support and facilitation, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and cooptation and explicit coercion. Step Three: Write a measurable cause and effect analytical example Drug Inc. top managers have decided to downsize and casualise its non-core workforce to reduce labour costs and introduce internet selling as part of its operations. However, these changes can impact on employees and may lead to a decrease in job satisfaction, absenteeism, morale, uncertain and fear of future employment. Therefore the Drug Inc. managers implement its changes by implementing a strategic planned change management approach that deals with resistance to change processes. Step Four: Cite expert opinion to support your analysis of the advantages of: Makawatsukul Kleiner (2003), argues that the key advantages of managers and change agents being actively involved in managing change is that they are able to inform employees about the impending change being planned with open and honest communication, and by expressing the reason for downsizing. In stage 2 the remaining employees should be involved in redesigning and improving their job roles and responsibilities. In stage 3 Drug Inc. generous remuneration offers should be made to the survivors of the downsizing to highlight how valued they are by management. In addition Makawatsukul Kleiner (2003), also argues that the Drug Inc. needs to provide stress management, skill assessment, career counselling, workplace placement programs while training programs should also be provided to the remaining employees, in an effort increase their confidence and skills in performing new job roles. Step Five: Cite expert opinion to support your analysis of the disadvantages of: Whereas, Dawson, (1996), as cited in Saka (2002), argues that the key disadvantage of managers and change agents not communicating to employees the impending threat of downsizing and job redesign may result in an increase in rumours that leads to an increase in staff absenteeism, a decline in staff morale and loyalty that could ultimately result in an increase in staff turnover of highly talented and core employees. Step Six: Write a concluding sentence (or two) that summarises the key point(s) contained in the paragraph In conclusion, resistance to downsizing within the Drug Inc. organization can only be overcome if employees concerns are dealt with openly and honestly and the survivors new job roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and opportunities for training and development and advancement are explained to each employee on an individual basis. An example of how to write an excellent paragraph This is a repeat of the previous page but in the correct paragraphing format) It is the intention of this paragraph to analyse how and when Drug Inc. senior managers can deal with resistance to change, downsizing and casualisation of non-core employees. Kotter Schlesinger (1979), as cited in Wood et al. , (2006:504), argues that there are six ways to deal with resistance to change namely education and communication, participation and involvement, support and facilitation, negotiation and agre ement, manipulation and cooptation and explicit coercion. Drug Inc. top managers have decided to downsize and casualise its non-core workforce to reduce labour costs and introduce internet selling as part of its operations. However, these changes can impact on employees and may lead to a decrease in job satisfaction, absenteeism, morale, uncertain and fear of future employment. Therefore the Drug Inc. managers implement its changes by implementing a strategic planned change management approach that deals with resistance to change processes. Makawatsukul Kleiner (2003), argues that the key advantages of managers and change agents being actively involved in managing change is that they are able to inform employees about the impending change being planned with open and honest communication, and by expressing the reason for downsizing. In stage 2 the remaining employees should be involved in redesigning and improving their job roles and responsibilities. In stage 3 Drug Inc. enerous remuneration offers should be made to the survivors of the downsizing to highlight how valued they are by management. In addition Makawatsukul Kleiner (2003), also argues that the Drug Inc. needs to provide stress management, skill assessment, career counselling, workplace placement programs while training programs should also be provided to the remaining employees, in an effort increase their confidence and skills in performing new job roles. Whereas, Dawson (1996), as cited in Saka (2002), argues that the key disadvantage of managers and change agents not communicating to employees the impending threat of downsizing and job redesign may result in an increase in rumours that leads to an increase in staff absenteeism, a decline in staff morale and loyalty that could ultimately result in an increase in staff turnover of highly talented and core employees. In conclusion, resistance to downsizing within the Drug Inc. organization can only be overcome if employees concerns are dealt with openly and honestly and the survivors new job roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and opportunities for training and development and advancement are explained to each employee on an individual basis. An Example Of A Conclusion In conclusion, the key issues identified within the KD Transport case study are John the Managing Director’s autocratic leadership style, his autocratic decision making style and involvement in job analysis and job redesign in preparation for downsizing non core job roles. In order to overcome the issues identified in KD Transport, these issues should be addressed efficiently. The first key problem identified is that John the Managing Director of KD Transport should be ready to change his traits and behaviours to overcome the problems facing at the moment due to his autocratic leadership style and autocratic decision making. The first key recommendation is that John adopts more participative leadership style over the current autocratic leadership style because it is likely to result in creative and innovative ideas, employee involvement in decision making that generate a broad range of actions that could be considered for implementation. The second key problem identified in the case study is that John the Managing Director should involve fellow managers and employees in the decision making process. The second key recommendation is that John adopts participative decision making where the Managing Director seeks input from other managers and employees and it is likely to result in increased employee satisfaction, improved staff loyalty, increased productivity and more informal efficient decision making outcomes. The third key issue identified is that John should involve HR personnel in job analysis and job redesign process. The third key recommendation is that John the Managing Director seek the involvement of HR Personnel or a HR consultant in employee downsizing, job analysis and job redesign process because HR personnel have the expertise to conduct job analysis and identify which job roles should be downsized and which employees and job roles should survive in order to achieve short term as well as long term organizational goals and objectives. Furthermore, the HR personnel has the expertise to design a training and coaching process for the survivors of the re-organisation process at KD Transport to perform the new job roles and responsibilities as a result of the job redesign process that occurred with the amalgamation of three warehouses into one. Finally, John the Managing Director should take all the aforesaid factors into consideration in order to facilitate the smooth running of the business and over come the current problems that KD Transport is experiencing. An Brief Example Of A Bibliography (A bibliography must be in alphabetical order of authors cited) References: Compton, R. , Morrissey, W. , and Nankervis, A. , (2006), Effective Recruitment and selection practices, 4th edition, CCH Aust Ltd, Sydney Deresky, H (2008), International Management: Managing across borders and cultures, 6th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. Fish, A. , Bhanuogopan, R Cogin, J. , (2008), ‘Value orientations as predicators of cultural and business impact’, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 30-48. Fu, P. , Yukl, G. , (2000), ‘Perceived effectiveness of influence tactics in the United States and China’, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2. pp. 35-55. Hayes, D. , Ninemeier, J. , (2008), Human Resources in he Hospitality Industry, John Wiley Sons Inc How To Cite Textbooks And Journals In Your Bibliography Citing textbooks in your bibliography is as follows: Surname, Initial of Christian Name, (Year of Publication) Title of Textbook, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication. Citing journals in your bibliography is as follows: Surname, Initial of Christian Name, (Year of Publication), Title of journal article, Name of journal article, Volume, Issue Number, Page Numbers. How to cite An Example of an Introduction, Essay examples

Journal on Strategic Marketing for Score - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theJournal on Strategic Marketingfor Attractive Score. Answer: According to Meidan, Moutinho Chan (2015) one of the tools that is used for evaluation of alternatives set of strategies is Quantitative Strategic Planning matrix. It gives details of all the earlier stages in a very good way so that score of numerous strategies can be calculated. QSPM is the third stage of the process of formulation of strategy for any organization, which is also known as Decision stage, it is also the final stage of the entire process. One of the best features of QSPM is that is that it does not make the strategist to put any data or information based on assumption, it takes information from stage one which is the input stage and stage 2, that is the matching stage. The basis of the Input stage is EFE Matrix., IFE Matrix and CPM. Stage two consists of the TOWS matrix, SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix, Grand Strategy Matrix. QSPM combines the thought process of the managers through the help of analytical process so that they can implement the best strategy for the success of the Organization (Meidan, Moutinho Chan, 2015). As per the format of QSPM there are four primary columns in QSPM, the left column consists of the main internal and the external factors that are also similar to EFE and IFE matrix weight column. The column adjacent to the first column consists of the relevance of each of the factors which is generally represented through numeric value. The very next column is for the attractive column, in this column the score is assigned to the key factors that based on the priority. The fourth and the last column is for Total Attractive score, which is calculated by multiplying importance of each factors, weight, and Attractive Score (David et al., 2017). References David, M. E., David, F. R., David, F. R. (2017). The quantitative strategic planning matrix: a new marketing tool.Journal of Strategic Marketing,25(4), 342-352. Meidan, A., Moutinho, L., Chan, R. S. (2015). Marketing Effectiveness Index (MEI)-Tool for Strategic Marketing Planning. InProceedings of the 1992 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 480-485). Springer, Cham.

Slavery, the Civil War Reconstruction

Table of Contents Slavery Civil War Reconstruction Conclusion Works Cited The American history is defined by different factors, which may include slavery, the civil war, and the reconstruction among others. Eric Foner, in his book ‘Slavery, The Civil War Reconstruction’ presents a clear discussion of how these factors have influenced America over time. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Slavery, the Civil War Reconstruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social movements have also contributed in inspiring the American history in the past 20 years by shuttering the â€Å"consensus† vision that dominated historical writing. Civil rights movement is suggested to be at the center of social change in post World War II America. In civil war era, emancipation and slavery were some of the central issues. In addition to this, the blacks shaped the era’s history by being active agents. Sla very According to the author, historians suggest that early U.S. slavery was situated in a transatlantic system. This was due to the link that United States had with Africa and the Caribbean. Despite the inauguration of the first president, a vigorous slave trade continued for twenty years. However, the languages and the cultural forms of the African slaves remained vibrant and sustained by infusion of the new people arriving in the United States. In addition, Intellectual Privacy was sustained by the ability of the slaves to speak languages the owners did not understand; while tribal identities were also sustained by speaking these different languages (Foner, 45) The legal basics of slavery were lost in the 1780s in the North due to the phrase â€Å"all men are born free and equal† which was interpreted by a Massachusetts court as simply outlawing slavery (Foner 43) Civil War John Shy describes civil war as â€Å"a social process of political education† (Foner 48). A ccording to the author, the war began as a mass resistance of the crowd but later shifted to armed forces. Market revolution, which was crucial to the American lives contributed to new components of consciousness, politics and social life, which in turn brought about Civil War. The author also notes that in Lincoln’s second inaugural address, he insinuated that slavery was the cause of the civil war, although some historians differ with this (Foner, 91)Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reconstruction A large number of freed black men learn to read and write in the army before becoming articulate political leaders during the Reconstruction era (Foner, 93). Former slaves were thrust into a no-man’s land which was between freedom and slavery by the end of reconstruction. This in turn was considered a mockery of the idea of equal citizenship (Foner, 102). Moreover, majority o f the blacks in the reconstruction period supported the Republican Party, which is said to have won their royalty during that period (Foner, 111) Conclusion The three factors that have been discussed above were some of the main pillars that shaped the American history. Social change in the American history was brought about due to the efforts of civil rights movements. The Republicans were considered to be antislavery thus contributing to their liking by the black community. Moreover, the northern society of America was opposed to slavery in contradiction to their southern counterparts that still held on to slavery. Works Cited Foner, Eric. Slavery, the Civil War Reconstruction. Philadelphia: TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1997. This report on Slavery, the Civil War Reconstruction was written and submitted by user Shockwave to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance

The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance Internal auditors are very important for healthy operations of companies. This function increases in significance with the size of the corporation. However, the functions that internal auditors perform are significant enough for every company, no matter how small, to have an expression of internal audit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is debate on the best governance structure to use to derive the best value from an internal audit unit. Corporate governance structures include all stakeholders such as the shareholders, company staff and management, board of directors and regulators. There two options are having the internal auditors report to senior management or directly to the organizations board. Boards have the role of ensuring that internal controls work, which makes it very important for them to have the services of the internal audit team. â€Å"An effective internal audit function plays a key role in assisting the board to discharge its governance responsibilities† . The following are the key functions of an internal auditor. Risk Evaluation The first role that internal auditors play in corporate governance is risk evaluation. It involves the identification of processes that carry significant risks for the company. While many of these risks are financial in nature, the process cuts across all operations that have an influence on the financial standing of the company. For instance, internal auditors care about information systems because of the financial risks that a security lapse in information systems may cause. Tracking Fraud and Irregularities The second role that internal auditors play is that they help the organisation to track fraudulent activities and other financial irregularities. Fraud comes about when an individual or group of people try to get dishonest gain. Such individu als can be insiders or outsiders. Irregularities refer to financial processes that do not conform to proper policies. The internal audit office acts like the first line of defence against these schemes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of Efficacy of Corporate Governance Processes The next role that an internal auditor plays is that of policing the efficacy of the corporate governance processes. Corporate governance manifests most clearly in the financial management systems. As the auditor polices the entire financial system in the organization, he makes it possible for the organization to tell just how strong its corporate governance processes. Tracking the Value of Assets Another important role that the internal auditor plays for an organization is tracking the value of assets for the company. As the person who keeps the asset register, an internal audito r adjusts the value of the assets to reflect the impact of inflation, depreciation and appreciation of the value of assets. These changes come because of the changes in both the internal and external environment. This information is important because it affects the values on the balance sheet, which in turn affects the shareholder relations. The structure and value of assets forms an important part of the decisions executives take in as far as the goals of the organization. This impact makes an internal auditor a very significant player in the corporate governance process. Review of Corporate Performance in Operations and Financial Issues The internal auditor provides a global view of the corporate performance and its financial issues. This role is very critical when conducting analysis to determine whether the organization made profits or losses. These reviews reflect the effectiveness of the corporate governance processes such as business planning and implementation. The advantage an internal auditor has over an external auditor is the capacity to trace small changes in the company’s financial deals that may point towards future profits or losses. Recommendation of Policy Actions Another important role that an internal auditor plays is that he develops policy recommendations for the organization to enable it to improve its corporate governance processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Roles of an Internal Auditor in Corporate Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the internal auditor spends a lot time investigating the lapses in the corporate governance process, he tends to become an internal consultant on the things that the company can improve. The execution of this function improves in organizational structures where internal auditors report to board. One of the new frontiers that internal auditors must deal with comes from the impact of businesses trading online. It is now possible to cause a lot of damage to a company’s reputation from any location in the world. There is an increasing rate of fraud from online sources. Cases of identity theft are also increasing including impersonation and hacking of servers. Internal auditors are gaining prominence as the first line of defence against these emerging issues in the online environment because of their unique place in detecting suspicious activity. Conclusion In conclusion, the role that an internal auditor plays in the corporate governance process depends on the organizational structure of the particular organization. An internal auditor has the responsibility of raising the red flags and providing the alternative courses for their parent companies. They act as sentinels for the company providing early warning and ensuring that the company’s decision making organs have the best information to make sound decisions in the corporate governance process. Reference List KPMG, 2003. In ternal Audits Role in Modern Corporate Governance. Hong Kong: KPMG KPMG. Schartmann, B., 2007. The Role of Internal Auditing in Corporate Governance in Europe: Current Status, Necessary Improvements, Future Tasks. Berlin: Verlag.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Ancestry of Oprah Winfrey

Ancestry of Oprah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey was born in 1954 in rural Mississippi, the child of a love affair between Vernon Winfrey and Vernita Lee. Her parents never married, and Oprah spent much of her youth being shuttled between various relatives. From her troubled childhood, Oprah Winfrey has grown into a household name, achieving success as a talk show host, actress, producer, publisher, and activist. Tips for Reading This Family Tree First Generation: 1. Oprah Gail WINFREY was born on 29 Jan 1954 on in the small town of Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi to Vernon WINFREY and Vernita LEE. Shortly after her birth, her mother Vernita moved north to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and young Oprah was left in the care of her maternal grandmother, Hattie Mae Lee. At age six, Oprah left Mississippi to join her mother in Milwaukee. After several troubling, neglected years with her mother and half-siblings, Oprah moved again at the age of 14 to join her father in Nashville, Tennessee. Second Generation (Parents): 2. Vernon WINFREY was born in 1933 in Mississippi. 3. Vernita LEE was born in 1935 in Mississippi. Vernon WINFREY and Vernita LEE were never married and their only child was Oprah Winfrey: 1 i. Oprah Gail WINFREY Third Generation (Grandparents): 4. Elmore E. WINFREY was born 12 March 1901 in Poplar Creek, Montgomery County, Michigan and died on 15 October 1988 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi 5. Beatrice WOODS was born on 18 February 1902 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi and died on 1 December 1999 in Jackson, Hinds County, Mississippi. Elmore WINFREY and Beatrice WOODS married on 10 June 1925 in Carroll County, Mississippi, and they had the following children: i. Lee W. WINFREYii. Brister WINFREYiii. Marie WINFREY2. iv. Vernon WINFREY 6. Earlist LEE was born about June 1892 in Mississippi and died in 1959 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi. 7. Hattie Mae PRESLEY was born about April 1900 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi and died on 27 Feb 1963 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi. Earlist LEE and Hattie Mae PRESLEY were married about 1918 and had the following children: i. Susie LEE was born about 1920.ii. Hal LEE was born about 1922.iii. Willis S. LEE was born about 1925.iv. Hubert LEE was born about 1928.3. v. Vernita LEE

Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Methods - Assignment Example There are no responses for the choice not to reveal one’s gender category. Table 2: Age Profile Age Total Percentage 18-21 41 52.6% 22-25 27 34.6% 26-29 5 6.4% 30+ 5 6.4% Statistics Age N Valid 78 Missing 0 Mean 1.67 Std. Deviation .863 Skewness 1.332 Std. Error of Skewness .272 Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 18-21 41 52.6 52.6 52.6 22-25 27 34.6 34.6 87.2 26-29 5 6.4 6.4 93.6 30+ 5 6.4 6.4 100.0 Total 78 100.0 100.0 As to age, there are four age ranges represented, beginning from 18 onwards. The greatest percentage proportion of respondents was that corresponding to 18-21 years of age, comprising slightly higher than 52%. The second-highest number represented was that corresponding to the group between the ages 22-25 years, representing almost 35% of the survey sample. Together, the two groups comprise nearly 90% of the respondents, indicating that the sample respondent group is dominated by the young adults who are still in the process of comple ting their degrees, and/or still have minimal working exposure. Table 3: Ethnicity Profile Ethnicity Total Percentage White 31 39.7% Mixed 1 1.3% Asian 19 24.4% Black 12 15.4% Chinese 8 10.3% MidEast 7 9.0% Statistics Ethnicity N Valid 78 Missing 0 Mean 2.82 Std. Deviation 1.726 Skewness .363 Std. ... ackground) 12 15.4 15.4 80.8 Chinese 8 10.3 10.3 91.0 Middle East or Other Arab State 7 9.0 9.0 100.0 Total 78 100.0 100.0 There are six ethnicities represented in the respondent sample, the largest proportion of which is are White comprised of the British, Irish, or other Caucasian nationals, who comprise nearly 40% of the respondents. Second highest ethnic groups are those of Asian background, and together Whites and Asians represent almost two-thirds of the sample group. The remaining one-third are composed of Blacks with 15%, Chinese with 10%, and Middle-Eastern and Arabs with 9%. There is one respondent who answered that he/she was of mixed ethnicity. Table 4: Skills Self-assessment    Mean SD COV Interpret Maths 2.987 1.533 0.513 NAD Logical 2.962 1.284 0.433 NAD Social 3.321 1.410 0.424 NAD Disputes 3.256 1.372 0.421 NAD Issues 3.128 1.231 0.394 NAD Teamwork 3.141 1.412 0.449 NAD Individual 3.436 1.364 0.409 NAD Alone 3.256 1.333 0.409 NAD Leading 3.372 1.424 0.422 NAD Membe r 3.051 1.422 0.466 NAD Part_Team 3.256 1.472 0.452 NAD SD = standard deviation, COV = coefficient of variation The respondents were asked to agree or disagree with statements which represented their self-assessment of their entrepreneurial skills. Table 4 above provides the summation of all the self-assessed skills, their standard deviation to show the dispersion of the responses given, and the coefficient of variation to give a more stringent description of spread. The interpretation of mean scores is also provided, according to the legend below the table. All the mean scores fall within the range â€Å"Neither Agree nor Disagree† (NAD), although this is not so much due to consensus as much as it is due to the wide variation among the answers (ranging from 1 to 5). The extreme scores

Steroids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steroids - Essay Example Steroids are not magic pills that produce the desired effects instantly. The truth is that they work only when the user observes certain lifestyles such as consistent physical exercise, healthy diet, and effective sleep schedules (Sterngass 32). Another common misconception is that injection steroids are safer than oral steroids. Safety is an important issue with all classes and types of steroids. Injection steroids do have side effects such as hair loss and acne that are also found in oral steroids. There are many who believe that women do not use steroids. On the contrary, there have been studies that have observed significant numbers of women who use steroids. Skewed body image, self-defense, bodybuilding, and athletics are all reasons that cause women to use steroids. However, there is strong evidence that more men use steroids than women do (Sterngass 33). Anabolic steroids are one commonly known type of steroids. Primarily, anabolic steroids are meant to reduce the breakdown of testosterone and maximize its ability to build tissues. Clenbuterol is an example of anabolic steroids commonly used by bodybuilders and athletes. This anabolic steroid helps in the shedding of body fats and weight loss. Anabolic steroids can be taken either through intramuscular injection or orally. Commentators observe that beginners in steroid use are the ones who prefer to take steroids orally. Oral intake of anabolic steroids has higher chances of side effects than injection (Sterngass 34). There are growth hormone steroids such as hGH (Human growth hormone) that imitates a hormone produced in the brain. Growth hormone steroids have been used to accelerate height growth in short children and increase the strength of the elderly. Most growth hormone steroids increase muscle mass, fat breakdown for energy and enhance musculoskeletal injury healing. Another type of steroids is erythropoietin that helps athletics endure the impact and improve performance. An example of

Understanding Children and Young People Essay Example for Free

Understanding Children and Young People Essay Parenting is a most challenging yet rewarding experience. Baumrind, who studied parenting styles during the early 1960s, concluded that they differ in four important areas: parents warmth/nurturance, discipline strategy, communication skills, and expectations of maturity. She posited three types of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative (Berger 2001). Parents are the major influence in their childrens lives. Thus their perception of how children think, and should be raised is crucial in determining childrens behavior. Other factors, such as genes, peers, culture, gender, and financial status, are of lesser importance. Studies reveal a correlalion between parenting styles and school competence, delinquency, violence, sexual activity, antisocial behavior, alcohol and substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and self-perception. Authoritarian Parents Authoritarian parenting, also termed dictatorial or harsh, is low on warmth/nurturance, strict on discipline, high in parent-to-child communication but low in child-to-parent communication, and high on expectation. This style has been predominant throughout Western history: It was effective in status quo times, for example in agrarian-industrial societies (Dinwiddie 1995). Authoritarian parents show little affection and seem aloof from their children (Berger 2001, 283). Parents instruct and order, do not consider the childrens opinion as a group, and discourage verbal give-and-take (Gonzalez-Mena 1993). Obedience, respect, and tradition are highly valued. Rules are non-nogoliable, parents are always right, and disobedient children are punished-often physically. However, parents do not cross the line to physical abuse (Berger 2001, 283). As children obey their parents in order to avoid punishment, they become passive. Authoritarian parents also expect a level of maturity higher than the norm for their childs particular age group: The authoritarian parents assign the child the same responsibilities as adults (Scarr, Weinberg, and Levine 1986, 306). Responsiveness is low, as the approach is parent-centered and stresses the parents needs. This almost noninteractive style has serious developmental drawbacks (Daniel, Wassell, and Gilligan 1999). Children are more susceptible to antisocial peer pressure during adolescence, a time when peer influence is the greatest (Collins et al. 2000); learn not to discuss issues with their parents (why bother if you are always wrong or ignored?); and are influenced greatly by their peers. Often frustrated, they distance themselves from their parents by rebelling against the latters values and beliefs. Steinberg et al. (1994) reveals that boys in this category have the highest level of violence. Steinberg (1996) shows that these teenagers are less self-reliant, persistent, and socially poised, and have lower self-esteem. In addition, there is a strong inverse correlation between such authoritarianism and good grades. Other research indicates that they lack social competence and rarely initiate activities: They show less intellectual curiosity, are not spontaneous and usually rely on the voice of authority (Parenting n.d.). Permissive Parents Permissive parenting, also labeled as neglectful or disengaged parenting, is high on warmth, very low on discipline and structure, low in parent-to-child communication but high in child-to-parent communication, and low on expectation. This style was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. The fact that many German children and adults had followed Hitler led people to attribute this to Germanys authoritarian home environment, which demanded unquestioning obedience. Thus their parents conditioned them for Hitler. (Dinwiddie 1995). Hoping to counteract such undesirable side-effects, they became permissive. Permissive parents are nurturing, warm, and accepting. Their main concerns are to let children express their creativity and individuality and to make them happy (Neal 2000), in the belief that this will teach them right from wrong (Berger 2001). Permissive parents find it hard to set clear limits, provide structure, are inconsistent disciplinarians (Huxley 1998), and reward bad behavior regularly (Dworkin 1997). Children are not pushed to obey guidelines or standards that, even when they do exist, are not enforced (Barakat and Clark 1999). Permissive parents take orders and instructions from their children, are passive, endow children with power (Gonzalez-Mena 1993; Garbarino and Abramowitz 1992), have low expectations, use minimal discipline, and do not feel responsible for how their children turn out. Ironically, these children turn out to be the unhappiest of all (Neal 2000). They are more likely to exhibit such psychological problems as anxiety and depression (Steinberg 1996), are the second group (after authoritarian) most likely to commit violence (Steinberg et al. 1994), and engage in antisocial behavior (Simons, Lin, and Gordon 1998). Research links permissive parents with delinquency, substance abuse, and sexual activity (Snyder and Sickmund 2000; Jacobson and Crockett 2000]. In effect, parents teach their children that they can get their way by manipulating others: Children learn a false sense of control over adults that increases their manipulative behavior (Huxley 1998). Later on, they do poorly in school, have higher rates of misbehavior in areas involving adult authority, and may also grow up manipulating around rules because those are not firm (Thinking n.d.). As they have not been taught how to control or discipline themselves, they are less likely to develop self-respect. This lack of discipline and structure engenders a desire for some type of control, and so they put a lot of energy into controlling parents and trying to get parents to control them (Gonzalez-Mena 1993, 157). Their unmet psychological needs make them vulnerable to being easily discouraged by everyday problems and turns the child away from full and satisfying participation in the world (Garbarino and Abramowilz 1992, 42). This, in turn, hinders their social development, self-esteem, and positive self-concept. Without high expectations to realize, children of permissive parents generally have difficulty controlling their impulses, are immature, and reluctant to accept responsibility (Parenting n.d.). Steinberg (1996) shows a strong correlation between permissive parenting and poor grades in families where parents are not involved in their childrens education and do not initiate a give-and-take relationship with their children. Other negative outcomes are sleep disturbances (Dworkin 1997) and feelings of insecurity. Authoritative Parents Authoritative parenting is high on warmth, moderate on discipline, high in communication, and moderate in expectations of maturity. This style is becoming more pervasive in the West. Authoritative parents are warm and nurturing, create a loving home environment, and provide a high degree of emotional support (Ingersoll 1989). Unlike permissive parents, they are firm, consistent, and fair (Barakat and Clark 1999). Authoritative parents discipline through rational and issue-oriented strategies in order to promote their childrens autonomy while ensuring conformity to group standards (Marion 1999). They establish and enforce behavior standards (Glasgow et al. 1997) and stay in control. Family rule is democratic [rather] than dictatorial (Berger 2001, 283). Parents use reason, negotiation, and persuasion-not force-to gain their childrens cooperation (Marion 1999). Their listening-demanding ratio is roughly equal. Children are given alternatives, encouraged to decide, and accept responsibility for their actions and decisions. The end result is self-empowerment (Barakat arid Clark 1999). When the childrens opinions are valued and respected, both children and parents benefit (Marion 1999; Gonzalez-Mena 1993). Authoritative parents set developmentally appropriate limits and standards for behavior. They make it clear that they will help their children. If their demands are not met, they are forgiving and understanding rather than punitive (Glasgow et al. 1997; Berger 2000). Overall, this parenting style is high on mutual understanding and based on reciprocity. In fact, both parties benefit. Developmental opportunities are provided for children, as the quality of interaction and nurturance is high and expectations are realistic (Garbarino and Abramowilz 1992). In addition, such parents are more likely to encourage academic success (Glasgow et al. 1997), which has a positive correlation with good grades (Steinberg, 1996). This can be attributed to parental involvement in their childrens education and their use of open, give-and-take communication through family reading, writing, and discussions. Research also shows that these children are less influenced by negative pefir pressure and develop successful peer relationships (Collins et al. 2000). As authoritative parenting provides a balance between control and independence, il produces competent, socially responsible, self-assured, and independent children (Gonzalez-Mena 1993). Children are more likely to develop high self-esteem, positive self-concept, greater self-worth, less rebellion, and generally are more successful in life. Furthermore, they are the best adjusted of all children. According to Thinking (n.d), they ranked highest in self-respect, capacity to conform to authority, and greater interest in the parents faith in God. They also respect authority, are accountable, and control their impulses. Steinberg (1996) shows that they are more confident and responsible, less likely to use or abuse drugs or alcohol, and less likely to be involved in delinquency. These children also reported less anxiety and depression and the least amount of violence (Steinberg et al. 1994). Conclusion Western culture places great importance on planning for children and their upbringing. Hence, parents-to-be spend a great deal of time thinking about everything-from which brand of diapers to use to which college they want their child to attend. However, less importance is given to parenting style. Research has proven repeatedly that parenting styles have a direct correlation with how children will grow up, how they live and whether they will abide by the rules in society (Thinking n.d.). Therefore parents-to-be must analyze different parenting styles, their effects, and what works best for them and their child.

Kerrang Magazine Blink182 Article Analysis :: Papers

Kerrang Magazine Blink182 Article Analysis * Blink182 - when they were younger * This Blink182 interview was published in alternative music magazine 'Kerrang' - issue 979 in November and was written by Tom Bryant. It's purposes are mainly to discuss their past, their success and above all their new album ! They tell us how it was almost never made as two years ago they were ready to split. This article is informative and at times quite humorous, 'There are many ways you'd imagine how a conversation with Tom DeLonge might start. Most of them involve a certain level of immaturity, a teenage crack about blow jobs, poop or possibly your mother. A reasoned debate on Californian politics is roughly last on the list '. But it also feels sad as the band recall feeling as though they were drifting apart. I think fans of the band would find this piece interesting. The implied readers would include Blink's fans (usually teenagers), people considering buying their latest album, fans of punk-rock music and people who may just be curious about them. So in general - most readers of 'Kerrang' i.e- people interested in alternative music such as punk, metal and rock. Having read the article through a few times now i have noticed that it differs to previous Blink interviews i have read. As a group they have been out of the public eye for the past two years producing their self titled album. Although Blink are a hugely successful, international band and every young person knows a little about them i dont think there is any evidence of implied reader knowledge. After reading the title page 'But seriously folks...' we know right away Blink have grown up as it describes their old stuff is out and new mature material is the way forward. This feeling of change continues throughout the piece. It feels new, exciting and deep. I dont think this interview was planned, as the guys seem to be relaxed and speak their mind. Which i think helps put their

Apple Company Essay

As we did the research for Apple Company, we could found out that Apple Company is well developed in a way of their products and services towards the users. Apple had innovated their products and taking the lead of the other company like Nokia, Sony Ericsson, LG and so on by its own touch screen hand phone technology selling on market to be one of the most influential in the share market of the nationwide. As to be seen, Apple focuses its strength on building up their branding power and penetrates this power into the community of wide public. Sales of its notebooks products are very strong, and represent a huge contribution to income for Apple. Other than that, to be mentioning Apple’s weaknesses it would be the faulty screen from the Ipod Nano and its faulty batteries, ever since Apple is about to switch their chip supplier from IBM to Intel, the industry specialist would say that it might confuse the consumer. While about the opportunity contains within the Apple, they would develop ITunes and music player technology into a phone format, is to be say as the new technologies and strategic alliances offer opportunities for Apple. This work done by comparing the Apple and Microsoft of their features and specification, the complete user experience that they providing to the users from whole wide world and stacking up to against other operating system such as Linux. The Apple has fulfill the criteria of what Sun Zi had said the advantages of arriving the battlefield first will have sufficient time to prepare for the enemies.

Pillars of Society Matrix Essay

Politics are all about power, and authority. The government is about owning and running services, such as mining, steel, energy, forestry, telephones, television stations, and airlines (Henslin, 2011). The United States has adopted many socialist practices. The most obvious is the government taking money from some individuals to pay for benefits of other. The government has complete control over all aspects of our lives. They control from food, housing, imports, exports the whole mighty dollar. The government has put the United States in debt and put more American’s on the street with a failing economy. Inflation has hit many of us, currently gas is $4.09 people are no longer being able to afford to drive their vehicles. I have an Avalanche and it cost me nearly $100+ dollars to fill up. I can remember when we paid $1.98. The government controls petroleum and chooses not to dig in our own back yards but in foreign countries. Communities impact political voices we have a choice in whom we may choose to elect to represent our states and our nation, the candidates all seek the majority votes. Communities can have an impact of what is creation of new laws and bills. Technology plays a big role in politics now. The introductions of technologies make an impact on American politics. With Facebook, twitter, YouTube, media groups are playing major roles in the election of candidates and our presidents. There is a GOP internet forum FreeRepublic and MoveOn that are political communities (Davy, 2010). Marriage and Family That family is so significant to humanity that it is universal-every human group in the world organizes its members in families. Western civilization regards family as husband, wife, and children, other groups of family are polygamist. Marriage is a groups approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort and now marriage in no only man and woman but now there is approved same-sex marriages (Hensil, 2010) I think that marriage and family a two very important things in life that keep a healthy relationship in someone’s life. Now and days I just see so many people just laying down and making babies instead of having values and morals with being married before the kids come. I can’t say all marriages will last because I was married at 20 and we did not last very long at all. Marriage and family can impact economics and community because people who are married tend to be better off than single and cohabiting parents (Kaye, Lerman, (n.d.)). In recent years technology can destroy a marriage and family because of these social websites. Then with economically there are so many layoffs and few jobs that it too has made an impact on families and a loss of a job and pull a marriage apart because of financial issues. Education Many Jobs require you to have the skills before you are allowed to work. Just like Doctors display their credentials (Henslin, 2010). Education helps us students in seeking higher positions and employment. I believe that we are getting educated from the time that we are born until the time we are no longer able to comprehend new information. We have to get an education to get better jobs if we would like to make good money in a failing economy. For me I got tired of living off of tips or from pay check to paycheck because the cost of living has risen and to survive you need to get an education to get a higher paying position. There are advantages in education it economically stables a country. There are competitive advantages over other economies. Employers want workers who are more productive and who will require less management (Radcliffe, 2012). The advances in technology are so far advanced that children and adults are being educated through various apps, websites, and cyber classrooms. It also changes the productivity in an industrialized world. Increased productivity means increased revenue. * Module 7 is targeting the technological impact on all pillars. Be sure to complete the last column during Module 7 before you submit the assignment to the instructor. For the â€Å"impact of technology† column, please explain how technology has impacted each of the four pillars on the matrix. References Henslin, J. (2011). Essentials of Sociology: A Down To Earth Approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Davy, Steven. (2010). How Technology Changed American Politics in the Internet Age. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2010/04/how-technology-changed-american-politics-in-the-internet-age096 Kaye, K., & Lerman, R. (n.d.) Effects of Marriage on Family Economic Well-Being. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/marriage-well-being03/summary.htm Radcliffe, B. (2012). How Education and training Affect Economy. Retrieved June 20, 2013 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/education-training-advantages.asp

Green Mountain Resort Case Study Essays

Green Mountain Resort Case Study Essays Green Mountain Resort Case Study Paper Green Mountain Resort Case Study Paper â€Å"The images, metaphors, or frames that we hold, both of managing and of change, influence our ideas of what we think managing change is all about† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009). As people we all see through our own eyes, we call see a different perspective and have a different reaction to what is coming next. As human beings we react differently to situations. Situations of change are transitions that some are able to adapt to quickly while others have a hard time. Being the leader of that change can be difficult and helping make a change does not come easily or effectively. Keep and Newcomer (2008) stated that leaders couldn’t effectively initiate or implement change unless they are full involved. The case study: Green Mountain Resort (Dis)solves the Turnover Problem talks about the solution(s) to help decrease or get rid of employee turnover since being bought out by the bank’s investment team and upper management. This paper will discuss the six change images discussed and incorporate it with the assumptions made. Out of the six change assumptions discussed in Chapter 2 of our book Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach, the assumption that would be identified with Gunter would be Image 2: Change Manager as a Navigator. Now that Gunter was not just an employee of Green Mountain Resort, he was also an owner. He knew in order to keep the doors open and lights on to the community of Green Mountain Resort her would have to make a change in regards to employee turnover. Green Mountain Resort was in a beautiful rural county, but that county was also the poorest in the state. : That meant that it was hard to find good employees locally, and those that were good, whether local or imported, didn’t stay long† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, pg 40). Gunter being the core of the management team as well as owner was concerned about making this change but the outcomes that would come with it. Image 2: Change Manager as a Navigator is perceived as the heart of any action taken by management. Palmer, Dunford, Akin (2009) also explain that in the navigator image, a variety of factors external to managers mean that while they may achieve some intended change outcomes, others will occur over which they have little control (p. 27). In regards to the hospitality literature the change image discussed that can identify the assumptions about changing turnover is Image 1: Change Manager as a Director. The hospitality literature identified that employee turnover was a problem and that it needed to be handled. The difference between Gunter and hospitality literature was the fact that they saw it as constant, something that will always be an issue regardless of change and should be tolerated. Hospitality literature recommended â€Å"was to minimize the debilitating effects: streamline training, simplify jobs, don’t become dependent on individuals, make HR processes more efficient† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 41). The director image is based that results of change is reachable and management needs to be able to take control of making this change. Lastly the change image associated with the consultant would be Image 5: Change Manager as an Interpreter. â€Å"The interpreter image to managing change places the change manager in the position of creating meaning for other organizational members, helping them to make sense of various organizational events and actions† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 31). Instead of coming up with way to solve the problem of high turnover, the consultant helped Gunter see the problem in a different perspective by using it to benefit the organization vs. hurting it. The three change images discussed could all help with influencing assumptions about a recommendation to help with â€Å"the turnover problem. Gunter could have just took full action and made changes that he thought would benefit the organization or even take the approach of the hospitality literature and be direct with the change as other companies have probably done in the past. The change Image the consultant took was definitely the most beneficial by helping Gunter interpreter a new type of change by using the high turnover to the company’s advantage. Another change image that could have been used to help Green Mountain Resort with the high turnover could have been Image 4: Change Managers as a Coach. Gunter could have help deliberately mold the organization’s natural ability in specific ways. â€Å"Rather than dictating the exact state of each play as the director might attempt to do, the coach relies upon building in the right set of values, skills, and â€Å"drills† that are deemed to be the best ones that organizational members, as players, will be able to draw on adeptly in order o achieve desired organizational outcomes† (Palmer, Dunford, Akin, 2009, p. 30). In conclusion, the statement at the start of the chapter that â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame, then this will take us away from thinking about what is going on from an alternative perspective† reminds us as manager leading change in an organization to not just jump to the first idea on how to make change. We need to be able to think outside the box and make a change in how we react to change and what are first instincts of action would be. Having different perspectives in how to go about change will allow managers to really engage and figure out what the best plan of action will be. â€Å"Changes often fail because leadership fails to fully understand or underestimates the complexity of the change, increasing the risk that the change will not yield the desired results†(Keep Newcomer, 2008).

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin The Clark surname is an occupational name for cleric, clerk, or scholar - one who can read and write, from the Old English cler(e)c, meaning priest.  Also from the Gaelic Mac a Chlerich/Cleireach; son of the cleric or, sometimes, clerk. During the Middle Ages, the common pronunciation of -er was -ar, so the man who sold items was the marchant, and the man who kept the books was the clark. At the time, the primary members of the literate class were the clergy, which in minor orders were allowed to marry and have families. The term clerk (clark) eventually came to designate any literate man. The Cleary / OClery surname, one of the oldest surnames in Ireland, is often anglicized to Clarke or Clark. Clark is the 25th most popular surname in the United States and the 34th most common in England. Clarke, with an e, is actually more common in England - coming in as the 23rd most popular surname. It is also a very common name in Scotland (14th) and Ireland. Surname Origin English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings ï » ¿CLARKE, CLERK, CLERKE Famous People With the Surname CLARK William Clark - one half of the legendary Lewis Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean, along with Meriwether Lewis.Guy Clark - American singer/songwriterArthur C. Clarke - British science fiction writer, best known for 2001: A Space Odyssey Genealogy Resources for the Surname CLARK 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Clark(e) Surname DNA ProjectThis project was started to determine if the early Clark families in Virginia were of the same family, and/or if they were connected to explorer William Clark. The project has now expanded to include a broader scope of Clark families around the world. Clark Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Clark surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Clark query. There is also a separate forum for the CLARKE variation of the Clark surname. FamilySearch - CLARK GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Clark surname and its variations. DistantCousin.com - CLARK Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Clark. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Effective communication in organization Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effective communication in organization - Article Example ional) communication is important to enhance good working relations in the organization which in turn translate to the achievement of the goals and objectives set. Organization capabilities are only achieved in an environment where healthy communication and relationship between individuals is enhanced. In the articles, the SMCR model is emphasized. The SMCR means that there should be a good channel (C) for the message (M) to move from the source (S) to the receiver (R). In an organization therefore, there will be all forms of communication which range from formal to informal. In formal communication, the leaders in the organization design/develop strategies to be used in achieving the objectives. They then construct relevant messages and then using correct channels, they relay it to the members in the organization. Communication will therefore play a significant role in this process. Employees on the other hand mainly communicate informally with each other enhancing their ties in the organization. Both forms are equally important. The evolution of communication is also highlighted in the article especially with the developments in technology playing a significant role in the progress. Organizational communication is significant in developing its culture which plays a major role in achievement of goals

Contemporary Management issue (waleed) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Management issue (waleed) - Essay Example The Traditional theories of ethics look into the aspects in terms of an absolutist view. Under this regime, the theories are either claimed to be right or wrong. On the other hand, the Contemporary theories that are framed on ethics concentrates on the relativist positional views. The correctness of a given situation is determined by the Normative ethical theories (Warren, 2011). According to the views of Richard D. George, on the basis of Pluralism, the ethical theories can be conveyed in terms of two opposing patterns, Ethical Absolutism and Ethical Relativism. There are also other types of theories related to ethics, they are: Theory of Egoism Theory of Utilitarianism Theory of Egalitarianism (on basis of rights and justice) Theory of Non-Egalitarianism On the basis of the contemporary view, the ethical theories can be on: Virtue Ethics Feminist Ethics Discourse Ethics Post Modern Ethics The theories of morality and ethics are somewhat similar to each other. Some of the morality t heories are: Moral Subjectivism Cultural Relativism Ethical Egoism Devine Command Theory Kantian Theory Contractarianism The case deals with the consciousness of the U.S. government over the health hazards caused due to cigarette smoking. It claims that the Gladys Kessler (U.S. District Judge) would claim a penalty of $280 billion from the famous tobacco companies such as, Philip Morris, Liggett and Reynolds. These companies would be penalized if they are found to knowingly deceive the public regarding the addictive nature and risks associated with smoking. It was noted that about 400000 Americans die yearly due to the health issues caused from cigarettes manufactured by these companies. This paper would concentrate on an aspect that deals with the duties that the modern organizations cater to their customers. In the later stage, the essay would focus on the different theories of business ethics and morality. The theories in the course of the discussion would be related to the case study of the paper. The Duties to Customers from Companies In the contemporary world, the organizations are supposed to suffice three primary business goals. When describing about the duties of a company it is essential to shed light on the theories of business ethics. In simple terms, business ethics is often dubbed as the form of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines the ethical principles within a business environment. Moreover, it also appeals to every business aspect and is highly pertinent to the organization as well as the individuals. Business ethics encompasses both descriptive and normative dimensions. Hence, business ethics plays a crucial role in shaping the duties and activities of the consumers towards the company. Similarly, the theory of stakeholder holds high relevance in the field of business ethics. It states that a company has equal real responsibilities towards its stakeholders, but the activities differ from one group to the other. (Source: Elkin gton, 1999) As stated in the above diagram, the organizations must try to improve the state of environment, economy and society. This is as per the theory of Triple Bottom Line stated by John Elkington in 1999. This theory also states that the organization, by uplifting the societies, must try to bridge the gap between the poor and rich customers (Wright, 1995). However, catering to the social justice is the most essential factor that must be addressed by the

WaterAid UK. Operational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WaterAid UK. Operational Management - Essay Example The global strategy for WaterAid is to offer strategic perspective for building on this experience and integrating equity, as well as, inclusion in all areas of operation The company implemented the global strategy, with four significant aims of carrying out effective business to address sanitation and water crisis. One of the main objectives is to ensure that more than 25 millions of people across the globe have access to safe and clean water. They also focus on hygiene improvements, sanitation objective and also influencing government policies and practices in order to reach more than 100 million people globally. The organizational mission is transforming lives of people across the areas where they operate. The crucial services emphasizes human development and transform lives; thus enabling people to overcome poverty, as well as, enable them to access their human right effectively. The organization operates in more than 23 countries and the company offer support to their local part nership organizations. This is crucial because they aim to deliver sustainable water and services to all areas; thus improving sanitation. They also operate alongside their partners in order to influence effective decision making vital for improving investments and delivery of sanitation and water services to the population living under poverty level; therefore, to achieve their objectives, the company focuses to a wider context impacting sanitation and water services including marginalized communities, urbanization, unpredictable climatic changes, and political instabilities, as well as, stressed water resources. The company operates in unique way by focusing the challenges they face; thus finds solution of overcoming them through offering effective service delivery. They also have unique ways of developing and monitoring performance level. This strategy has been implemented through detailed operational plans and monitored with an aim of increasing effective performance. The human resource manager of the organization has made significant efforts of implementing a sustainability framework, which was piloted through the 2011 to 2012 post-implementation studies. Bratton and Gold (2010. P. 34) reveal the significance roles that manager play in an organization including training, encouraging teamwork, communicating effective and effective listening; thus contributing to successful performance of the company. Therefore, the WaterAid human resource manager has made significant efforts of partnering with others in creating an efficient operational management team in order to deliver sustainable services. Staff and volunteer management The company has varied staff workers and other volunteer groups who work together as a team to deliver effective services. Subba and Kumar (2010, p. 23) argue that working together as team in the management of resources of company activities can contribute to effective business performance. This is crucial because it has enabled the com pany to deliver equitable services across the regions where they operate. Moreover, the current company manager, Jeremy Pelczer employs unique leadership styles of managing both tangible and intangible resources of the company. Gold (2010, p. 102) argue that successful leaders should employee effective leadership styles that can enable them to deliver valuable services. They also have the board of directors who offer great opportunities and the shareholders also played key significant roles of supporting the company towards achieving the organizational mission. In addition, they have volunteer groups of people including the

Study on the Variability in Foreign Exchange Rate

Study on the Variability in Foreign Exchange Rate 1.0. Introduction Variability in foreign exchange (FX) rate has been one of the major economic and financial factors affecting cash flows and common stocks value. After the collapse of post-war Bretton Woods fixed exchange rates in the 1970s, the relative prices of currencies began to fluctuate. The rapid expansion in international trade and adoption of floating exchange rate regimes by many countries led to increase exchange rate volatility. As economic integration and globalization have been increasing year by year, exchange rate movements have become very important source of risk for financial firms as well as non-financial firms. In this context, it is very important to mention that virtually all existing empirical studies estimate currency exchange rate exposures on the basis of share prices. However, the assessment of cash flow and stock price exposures which will be studied in this research will represent a rational alternative to the analysis of stock price exposures. In fact, it is the impact of exchange rate risk on corporate cash flows rather than equity prices per se, that is emphasized in the theoretical literature on corporate risk management, either for tax reasons, managerial performance, bankruptcy, investment decisions or compensation purposes. Jacque (1996) points out that change in a companys earnings due to unexpected foreign currency exchange rate changes relatively to their domestic currency is considered as foreign exchange rate risks. Changes in exchange rates may affect firms profitability and value. Exchange rate changes can also impact on the level of competitiveness of the firms which are exposed to exchange rate risk, or affect the value of their net assets denominated in foreign currencies. Adler and Dumas (1984) show that even firms whose entire operations are domestic may have affects of exchange rates of foreign currencies, if their output and input prices are influenced by currency movements. Moreover, Eiteman et al. (2006) says that in general, firms are exposed to three types of foreign exchange risk: translation exposure, transaction exposure and economic exposure. Translation and transaction exposures are accounting based and defined in terms of the book values of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency. In practice, economic exposure is computed as the net sensitivity of some aggregate measure of firm value to currency fluctuations. Economic exposure contains of the direct and indirect effects of currency fluctuations by focusing on the net sensitivity. At the corporate level, changes in exchange rates affect the firm value, because future cash flows of the firm will change with exchange rate fluctuations. In other words, exchange rate changes have important implications for financial decision-making and for firm profitability. It is widely believed that changing exchange rates affect the competitiveness of firms engaged in international competition. According to Luehrman (1991), a falling home currency promotes the competitiveness of firms in home country by allowing them to undercut prices charged for goods manufactured abroad. Many simple partial equilibrium models (e.g. Shapiro) predict an increase in the value of the home country firm in response to a real drop in the value of the home currency. Economic theory suggests that under a floating exchange rate regime, exchange rate appreciation reduces the competitiveness of export markets; it has a negative effect on the domestic stock market. Conversely, if the country is import denominated, exchange rate appreciation may have positive affect on the stock market by lowering input costs. Problem statement As economic integration and globalization have been increasing year by year, exchange rate movements have become very important source of risk for financial firms as well as non-financial firms. Also, the internationalization of capital markets has resulted in inflow of vast sums of funds between countries and in the cross listing of equities. This has therefore made investors and firms more interested in the volatility of exchange rate and its effect on stock price and stock market volatility. According to Yucel and Kurt (2003), floating exchange rate appreciation reduces the competitiveness of export markets; and has a negative effect on share prices as well as the domestic stock market. On the other hand, for import dominated country, it may have positive effect on the stock market by lowering input costs. Malaysia presents an example of an open economy which engages in international trade with several countries and hence susceptible to foreign exchange rate volatility. Malaysian exchange and trade system have been liberalized for many years. Malaysia now follows a floating exchange rate policy. Malaysian economy has been suffered from Asian financial crisis 1997 and World financial crisis 2008. As a result volatility in foreign exchange rate and deviation from purchasing power parity might become persistent in the economy. Most of the firms operating in Malaysia are affected in many ways from these economic conditions. The firms have faced higher business risk and foreign exchange risk. However, empirical evidence on the influence of foreign exchange market volatility on stock market is largely inconsistent. These have been in the contest of developed economies. Mishra (2004) found no theoretical consensus on the interaction between stock prices and exchange rate. However, Solnik (2000) argues that there is a negative correlation between stock market and local currency. The openness of a countrys economy is recognized as a cause of volatility of its market. Malaysia presents a classic example of an open economy which engages in international trade transaction. Moreover, with advert of globalization, developing economies are becoming more integrated into developed economies as the results of increasing flow of imports and exports. Malaysia is not an exception. A cursory examination of foreign exchange rate history in Malaysia shows some considerable level of volatility. Therefore, it would be interesting to explore the effect of its foreign exchange volatility on cash flows as well as stock prices of its non-financial companies. Again, much work on the effect of the exchange rate volatility in the developing country like Malaysia has not been done. Thus, for that reason the study intended look at the effect of foreign exchange exposure on companies cash flows and stock prices in Malaysia. Research objectives Objective of the current research is to determine whether cash flows and stock prices of companies are affected by exchange rate exposure. This research project attempts to assess the economic exposures of the firms chosen from the Bursa Malaysia Main market. The issues are important for investors as well as corporate risk management. To examine the relationship between cash flows of the companies and exchange rates; To examine the relationship between stock prices of the companies and exchange rates; To determine which currencies have major influence on the companies cash flows? To determine which currencies have major influence on the companies stock prices? Research questions The research aims to find answers to the following questions: Whether cash flows of the companies exposed to exchange rate risk? Whether stock prices of the companies exposed to exchange rate risk? Which currencies have major influence on the companies cash flows? Which currencies have major influence on the companies stock prices? Significance of the study The estimation of exchange rate exposure is a relatively new area in international finance. After 1973, managers and economists become more concerned about the exchange rate fluctuations on firms. Also, for the past decade, researchers have been empirically investigating the exchange rate exposure of the firms. Following Adler Dumas (1984) most of the research measures the exposure as the elasticity between change in firm value and exchange rate. Empirically, this exposure elasticity is obtained from a regression of stock returns on an exchange rate change (Bodnar Wong, 2000). In practice, there is little general agreement on the use of appropriate choice of ‘‘aggregate measure. In this research project it is focused on the impact of economic exposure of Malaysian firms values. Corporate managers will also be interested in the exposures of corporate cash flow measures such as sales, operating cash flow and earnings for reasons of corporate planning and risk management. Scope of the study The current study one of the new studies in international finance and risk management. In general, the research will assess the economic exposures for the companies listed in Bursa Malaysia Main Market from the years 2000 to 2008. For the research, first, all sample companies stock returns will be regressed on exchange rate change and market return. In the second step, companies will be examined according to one specific character, which is export volume. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction It is also noticeable whether the firms cash flows are sensitive to exchange rate movements. Perhaps we should also point out the fact that Grambovas and McLeay (2006) are convinced that empirical analysis confirm that currency fluctuations may affect firm values, especially with consideration to the influence of foreign exchange rate movements on the firms cash flows and their accounting earnings, and on their stock prices. Previous literature Miller Reuer (1998) conducted a study on the implications of differences in strategy and industry structure for firms economic exposures to foreign exchange rate movements. According to their results, 13-17 % of US manufacturing firms exposed for foreign exchange rate movements. Also they indicated that foreign direct investment reduces economic exposure to foreign exhange rate movements. Martin and Mauer suggest that economic exposure, which typically has a longer-term time dimension, encompasses the competitive and indirect effects of exchange rate risk. Many academics such as Hodder (1982), Marston (2001) Pringle (1995), Shapiro (1975) and von Ungern-Sternberg von Weizsacker (1990) argue that unlike transaction exposure, economic exposure can affect even domestic firms. Economic exposure arises from changes in the sales prices and volumes, and the cost of inputs of the firm and its competitors as a result of exchange rate changes. Miller Reuer (1998) and Sundaram Black (1992) argued that geographically positioning production, sales, sourcing, and financing operations is effective for reducing economic exposure. Glaum, Brunner and Himmet (2000) examined the economic exposure of German corporations to change in DM/US dollar exchange rate. They found that German firms are significantly exposed to changes in DM/US dollar rate. Several studies focused on the some companies and they demonstrated that exporter firms stock values are more sensitive to change in foreign exchange rates (Mao and Kao, 1990; Bortov and Bodnar, 1992). The study by SÃ ¶hnke M. Bartram (2007) found significant exposure of several firms to at least one of the foreign exchange rates, and significant exposures found by them were more frequent at long-term horizons. They also argue that the impact of exchange rate risk on share prices and cash flows is similar and determined by a correlated set of economic factors. Moreover, Dominguez and Tesar (2006) found that exchange rate movements do matter for a significant fraction of firms, though which firms are affected and the direction of exposure depends on the specific exchange rate and varies over time, suggesting that firms dynamically adjust their behavior in response to exchange rate risk. Exposure is correlated with firm size, multinational status, foreign sales, international assets, and competitiveness and trade at the industry level. Martin and Mauer (2003) pointed out that cash flow effects are greater for long-term lags than for short-term lags in exchange rate movements. This result may occur because transaction exposure is easier to assess and hedge, whereas economic exposure is more difficult to recognize and hedge. While Bartram (2007) suggests significant exposure of several firms to at least one of the foreign exchange rates such as CAD, JPY and EUR, and significant exposures determined by Bartram (2007) were more frequent at long-term horizons. The percentage of firms observed for which stock price and earnings exposures were considerably different was relatively low, though it increased with time horizon. Finally, he was convinced that the impact of exchange rate risk on stock prices and cash flows is similar and determined by a related set of economic factors. Batram and Karolyi (2006) took a new look at the exposure puzzle by studying the potential impact of the introduction of the Euro on stock returns of 3,220 non-financial firms from 20 countries. Their findings suggest that the introduction of the Euro decreased foreign exchange rate exposure, but these changes are statistically and economically small. According to Tesar and Dominguez (2006), factors such as firm size, multinational status, foreign sales, international assets, and competitiveness and trade at the industry level may influence economic exposure of the companies. These factors may either increase the companies economic exposure or decrease. These factors influence on the companies economic exposure will depend on how significantly these factors are correlated with the companies cash flows and operations, and if there are significant correlation between them, we should also point out whether these significant correlations are positive or negative. Empirical analysis by Grambovas and McLeay (2006) confirmed that exchange rate fluctuations will affect firm values, especially with regard to the influence of exchange rate movements on the cash flows and accounting earnings of companies with international exposure, and on their stock prices. Recent studies by Priestley and Odegaard (2007) studied the exchange rate exposures by orthogonalizing the market returns with respect to changes in exchange rates and a set of macroeconomic factors. Their findings suggest that the extent of exposures is only fully exposed when it is subdivided the sample period into regimes and at the same time used an orthogonalized market portfolio in the regression. Batram and Karolyi (2006) studied the exposure puzzle by looking at the potential impact of the introduction of the Euro on stock returns of 3,220 non-financial firms from different 20 countries. It was found that the introduction of the Euro had decreased foreign exchange rate exposure, but the changes were statistically and economically very small. However, Bae, Kwon, and Li (2008) having studied the exchange rate exposure and risk premium by using data on American depositary receipts (ADR) of Australia, France, Japan and the U.K., found that changes in the exchange rates were negat ively correlated with the underlying shares of ADRs, but they were positively correlated to ADR returns observed in the U.S. markets. Moreover, they discovered that U.S. and local investors require different risk premiums for exchange rate risks presented in ADR investments. Griffin and Stulz (2001) found weak evidence of statistically significant exchange rate exposures, and the economic significance of the estimated exposures was low. A first main study of the foreign exchange exposure fact done by Jorion (1990) found a significant impact of foreign exchange rate risk on share prices for 5.2 percent of the analyzed 287 U.S. MNCs at the 5 percent level. Choi and Prasad 1995 developed a model and examined the exchange rate sensitivity of 409 US multinational firms. Their findings indicated that change in exchange rate affected firm value. They found that 60 percent of firms had significant exchange rate exposure. In their study, Choi and Prasad (1995) found that 14.9 percent of the individual firms in the U.S. and 10 percent of the industry portfolios showed a significant exchange rate exposure at the 10 percent level, corroborating earlier findings. Domely and Sheehy (1996) found contemporaneous relation between the foreign exchange rate and the market value of large exporters in their study. Comparable results were found outside the United States by He and Ng (1998). For instance only some multinational companies in Japan (26.3% and 53.8% for different time periods) showed a significant exchange rate exposure with regard to a multilateral exchange rate index. Some studies look into the exposure of industry portfolios in several countries, there were found percentage yields of companies with significant exposure of 15% (United States), 4% (Japan) and 6% (United Kingdom) by Prasad and Rajan (1995), or 23% (United States), 21% (Canada) and 25% (Japan) by Bodnar and Gentry (1993) at the 5% level. Study by Bartram and Karolyi (2006) suggests that the FX rate exposure of non-financial firms is systematically linked to firm characteristics such as sales, the percentage of foreign sales in general and in Europe in particular, regional factors like geography, strength of currency and industry characteristics like competition, traded goods. Study examined by Allayannis and Ihrig ( 2001) speak about stock price exposure to international trade activities of U.S. industries, and Bodnar et al. (2002) mention the significance of pass-through for exposure. Moreover, Starks and Wei (2004) found that the scale of exchange rate exposure is linked to proxies for probabilities of financial distress, product uniqueness and growth opportunities. However, the evidence of corporate foreign exchange rate exposures on a cash flow basis is very thin and inadequate to individual case studies. Garner and Shapiro (1984) investigated the foreign exchange rate exposure of Vulcan Materials Company by regressing changes of its quarterly operating cash flows on changes in the exchange rate of USD against GBP, and showed only small and statistically irrelevant foreign exchange rate exposures. Moreover, Oxelheim and Wihlborg (1995) use quarterly changes of total cash flow, commercial cash flow and sales revenue as dependent variables in the exposure analysis of Volvo Cars. Results by Oxelheim and Wihlborg (1995) indicate that the financial situation of the company reduces exposures with regard to changes in the DEM/SEK exchange rate only to a modest degree. One more study by Bartram (2005) investigated the exposure of a large nonfinancial company based on proprietary internal as well as external capital markets data. Analysis by Bartram (2 005) illustrated that the irrelevance of foreign exchange rate exposures of wide-ranging performance measures such as total cash flow and/or share price can be explained by hedging at the company level. Several studies focused on the some companies and they demonstrated that exporter firms stock values are more sensitive to change in foreign exchange rates (Mao and Kao, 1990; Bortov and Bodnar, 1992). In the most of the studies foreign exchange exposure was measured by regression analysis by using stock returns. Adler and Simon (1986) measured economic exposure as the slope of stock return on exchange rate change. Jorions (1990) model was established by adding the return of the market to control for market movements. As Jorion, Booth and Rotenberg (1990) and Bodnar and Gentry (1993) examined economic exposure with market return, Miller and Reuner (2000) estimated economic exposure by multivariate modelling approach. They applied three-currency model, also add some specified macroeconomic variables such overall stock market return and interest rates. Flanney and James (1984) and Sweeney and Warga (1986) also used interest rates in their models. Doneely and Sheehy (1996) formed a porfolio with 39 companies, and examined the relationship between abnormal return on exporting firms portfolio and return on sterling. Khoo (1994) estimated mining companies economic exposure by using excha nge rates, interest rates and price of oil. METHODOLOGY 3.0. Economic Exposure Measurement In order to measure Malaysian companies economic exposure I decided to follow Adler Simon (1986) model. I will measure economic exposure as the slope coefficient from a regression of stock returns on exchange rates. R it = ÃŽ ±i + ÃŽ ²i et + eit (1) ÃŽ ±i = constant term R it = Stock return for company i. et = Percentage change in exchange rate The coefficient ÃŽ ²i represents the sensitivity of a company is stock returns to exchange rate movements. In the model exchange rate quotation is direct quotation for Malaysia. In other words it is shown as MYR per one unit of the foreign currency. Positive value of ÃŽ ²i means that a depreciation of MYR corresponds to an increase in the value of company i. In the study, I will apply another model as Jorion approach. Jorian introduced another macroeconomic variable market return to control for market movements. To control for the ‘common macroeconomic influences on total exposure elasticities; most emprical studies include the return to a market portfolio with the exchange rate variable in their emprical models (Bodnar Wong, 2000). R it = ÃŽ ±i + ÃŽ ²1i et + ÃŽ ²2i Rmt + eit (2) ÃŽ ±i = constant term R it = Stock return for company i. et = Percentage change in exchange rate Rmt = Market return Ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate models. Exchange rate movements can be measured in nominal or real terms. Real movements are defined as nominal movements adjusted for price level changes across countries. In some studies (Khoo, 1994; Bodnar and Wong, 2000), since real and nominal exchange rates are highly correlated both or one of them are used. Also in some studies trade weighed foreign exchange rate used. The exchange rate used in the study is real effective exchange rate, which is calculated by the Bank Negara (Malaysian Central Bank). The market index I employ will be FTSE Bursa Malaysia Mid 70 Index. In both model, it will be focused on individual firm value. Choi and Prasad (1995) state that examining exchange rate risk on aggregate level, on portfolio or market index, may not reveal the true exchange risk sensitivity of firm value. They claim that a firm level study is necessary to understand whether and why individual firms display varying sensitivity to exchange risk. I follow their approach in my analysis. 3.1. Data In order to examine Malaysian companies economic exposure, I constructed a sample. Sample companies stocks are publicly traded in FTSE Bursa Malaysia market. Only medium and big sized companies will be included. It will be used monthly data to estimate exchange rate sensitivity of the equity for the period from January 2000 to December 2008. Sample companies economic exposure will be examined in two steps. First, all sample companies stock returns will be regressed on exchange rate change and market return. In the second step, companies will be examined according to one specific character, which is export volume. The companies will be divided into two: exporter and non-exporter firms. It will be identified companies as an exporter company, if their foreign sales level is at least 20% of total sales in 2000. Individual stock returns for companies and FTSE Bursa Malaysia market return data will be collected from Bursa Malaysia sources and DataStream in UUM Library.

Why are people unequal in Society :: essays research papers

Why are People Unequal in Society?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Philosopher’s of the time of enlightenment the nature of society created inequality. These philosophers also believed that it was the job of the government to limit inequality and try to create conformity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now we are able to see that inequality emerges with each and every interaction. This is because every individual possesses qualities which may be better or worse than another’s. These qualities include things such as intelligence, athletic ability, and beauty. However, this has become a problem that we ourselves created. We choose to compare ourselves to others. Sociologists have examined two aspects of this problem. One of these aspects is the simplicity of how inequality arises in the first place. The second aspect is how it is perpetuated over time. Social structure is a social pattern that involves unequal ranks. Once these ranks are discovered inequality will always exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main elements of inequality is the division of labor. There are three different settings for Division of Labor. The first setting is the economic setting. In this setting inequality occurs because of different jobs, money, positions of power, and dependence on others. This also creates inequality because an employer controls an employee. Once control is established there are automatically ranks. The boss may take advantage of his employee, and gain at this employee’s expense. Once this process has started it will never stop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second setting for division of labor is the organizational division of labor. This division includes such things as family, friends, groups, schools, politics, and churches. Within these groups there is a sense of the follower and the leader. These leadership positions allow there to be an advantage over others. This also shows that all organizations have few in power and many that must follow them in order to succeed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third setting for the Division of Labor is the intentional division. This includes things such as war. In war there are always winners and losers. The winners of course end up ruling the losers. This provides a division of labor in which the outcome was somewhat intentional. This inequality is created by those who crave organization and structure. If these people do not agree with another country’s way of rule, they will defeat them and in turn bring in their own statutes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social conflict is another way of creating inequality within a society.