the president of Bright-Lite’s president Essay Example for Free

the president of Bright-Lites president EssayThe issue concerning banal should be tackled carefully by the president of Bright-Lites president. Presently he should argue in favor of Beverly Patton, because it is true that a high volume of monetary fund is kept that will plausibly turn to obsolete. However, attention should be placed by the president in how favoring Beverly because we cannot go to the other(a) organic, since much(prenominal) side is hazardous too to the financial health of Bright-Line Shirt Company.The reason for such a suggest stems from the trade off that exists in inventory that all business organizations that keep stock face. When holding stock there are two main risks that face the opposite direction. On one side there is the risk that the company purchases a lot of stock that will not be used and will eventually turn obsolete, as the case at hand. Keeping high volume of stock holds other disadvantages apart obsolescence. For example, the greater the stock volume the higher the resources entrusted for such asset.Indeed organizations that keep high volume of stock incur greater holding costs, such as wages of employees working in stores, insurance and other related overheads. In addition, by keeping a high volume of stock a substantial part of the firms working capital will be tied up in stock. We ought to keep in mind that notes is the lifeblood of the organization and an appropriate cash buffer eternal rest should be kept to cater for other working capital commitments like payments to suppliers apart from inventory. The other extreme side, which encompasses keeping low volume of stock, is also dangerous.If the company ends up without inventory, there is the risk that the firm will not be capable to meet the demands of the customers. As a result, orders will be lost and the organization might lose a part of its present market share. In this respect an appropriate balance between these two side should be kept and this is the re ason why the president should be careful in how favoring Beverly.ReferenceDrury C. (1996). Management and Cost Accounting. poop Edition. New York International Thomson Business Press.

Values, Goals and Good Journalism Essay Example for Free

Values, Goals and Good Journalism EssayPower of the press Glory of the byline Thrill of being among the first to know These atomic number 18 just some of the legendary benefits that a person gets when he or she takes journalism for a profession. The public looks up to journalists as those who do very elicit things meeting the rich and famous, having access to powerful people, experiencing heady encounters and getting paid for doing these things. However, power is always accompanied by a corresponding responsibility. Ide on the wholey, a journalist should present the truth about an until nowt or issue. He must be well-grounded in the standards and ethics of journalism before he even attempts to write a story. He must bear in mind the importance of confidentiality, objectivity and fairness. He must understand that journalism is a unveiling of facts and facts alone. There really are some instances when a writer tends to inject person-to-person bias in the story he is writing . These happen when he inserts personal feeling and opinion and when he contains himself not as an observer but a participant in the event that he is covering.There are excessively cases when a journalist stacks the facts so as to prove one facial expression of the story or to take the position the paper prefers. Personal biases must be set aside when presenting a news. What one writes reflects who he is. If his commitment to journalistic principles and public service is compromised with financial gains, this may lead to offenses such as libel, sensationalism, invasion of privacy, obstruction of justice, and obscenity. To prevent getting charged of any of these, the good values of a journalist must urge him to exercise good perceptiveness which eventually shapes credibility.The best way to be the best writer, however, is to treat journalism as a vital calling. Every writing must be stir by the valet de chambrener the Bible was written. The Bible emphasizes the necessity of obj ectivity in reporting. As Luke writes Since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, it seemed good also to me to write an prim account so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught. Objectivity must be transparent in all kinds of reporting.In recent years, priests fight in sex scandals had been a sensitive topic worldwide. This is just right as journalists must carry out their duty of presenting even the dark side of the news. The Bible describes God as a creator and man as His image-bearer. Sometimes, a journalist needs to report on the contrast between mans sinfulness and Gods holiness. Journalists do not have to preach in stories however, they can work towards honest selection of details. There is no question about Gods involvement in human history.In Deuteronomy 29, Moses addressed the Israelites Your eyes have seen all that the Lord did in Egypt to Pharaoh, to all his officials and to all his land. With your own eyes, you sa w those great trials, those miraculous signs and great wonders. But to this day, the Lord has not given you a mind that understands or eyes that see or ears that hear. In writing his own piece, a writer must provide the context but must follow the Bible in enactment Gods grace and mans sinfulness.If in the Bible Jesus says to Thomas, Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed, aforementioned(prenominal) goes to a journalist who does not go to press even when ten people tell him the same thing. In conclusion, good journalism entails truth-telling even when it hurts. For him to buzz off the best journalist he can be, a journalist must possess only two things commitment to truth and a biblical worldview in apprehending reality accurately.ReferenceBrucker, Herbert. Communication is Power Unchanging Values in a Changing Journalism. New York Oxford University Press. 1973.

Manifestation Of Sartres Conception Of Engaged Literature English Literature Essay

Manifestation Of S nontextual matterres Conception Of Engaged Literature English Literature EssayWhat is books is an essay of Jean-Paul Sartre print for the inaugural while in several partiallys in 1947, in his magazine les temps modernes. The essay is a rumination of Sartres conception of engaged lit which he defends against its amateurs. In the essay, Sartre answers three questions What is physical composition? Why write? For whom does nonpareil write?The first question that Sartre asks is ,What is writing? which is a pure inquiry into finding a clear definition of the act of writing. Sartre will first justify that writing is nevery painting nor playing music. In fact, unlike the painter or the musician, who in truth care only to stick in things as they are and give the spectators the absolute granting immunity to see what they want, the author behind guide his reader. in that respectfore, he does non unmannerly the things as being merely things exclusively as si gns.So, when Sartre makes this clear-cut distinction amidst literature and other forms of art, he can subsequently make some other differentiation but within the realm of literature itself, between prose and verse. The latter(prenominal) distinction is very essential in Sartres formulation. I can unification up his distinction by this simple formula prose uses words whereas verse or poetry serves words. Poetry con fountrs words as a material, just as the painter considers colors or the musician the sounds. Additionally, the prose author uses a different approach For him, words are non targets but design objects. He is considered a teller, and to speak pie-eyeds to act (to do something). In fact, while speaking, we are unveiling facts and while doing so we change them.With his distinction between prose and poetry, Sartre answers the original question of the first chapter. Thus, according to him, to write is to reveal and to do so means to ensure that nobody ignores ab turn up the world which is exactly the same situation as with justice which everyone should hunch as they become accountable for their acts. After having elaborated on the definition of writing, Sartre tackles its form. He insists that the style can be added to the essence and must never precede it. It is, he adds, the circumstances and the subject which the writer intends to treat that will push him to seek new means of expression, a new language, and non the other way around. Next, Sartre takes us back to the root of engagement with which he has begun his book explaining that we cannot ask a painter or a musician to engage himself. Sartre concludes that the writer has to engage himself entirely in his works. One should write when he wants and when he chooses to do so. However, if we write when we decide to, we should now ask ourselves why we write. That is going to be the topic that will be discussed in the next chapter entitled Why write?For Sartre, literature is a means of commu nication. Knowing that, we should then find out why one writes. The author begins the chapter by stating the origins of literature, one of the chief motives of mechanicic creation is originally the need of feeling that we are essential to the world 1. To explain this, lets ponder on this example A man contemplates a landscape. By doing this, he unveils/reveals this scenery and establishes a descent that would not exist if he were not there. In the meanwhile Man is profoundly conscious of the fact that he is not essential to the uncovered scenery. In fact, he only perceives it without taking part in the process of its creation.Man can withal create, but then he will lose his revealing/unveiling function as the produced object reflects rules that he himself created and so will be subjective, for example a writer cannot read his writings from an external angle. The situation here is contrary to the scenerys one in that the creator becomes essential because without him, the object w ould have no existence, but he is unessential. He has assuredly gained the creation which was not when he was contemplating the landscape, but he has missed the perception. So furthest, the key to the problem is at the instruction stage. A reading which will make a synthesis between the perception and the creation, because any literary work will not shine completely until read, It is the conjoint effort of author and reader which brings upon the scene that concrete and imaginary object which is the work of the mind. in that respect is no art except for and by others 2.In reading, the object is essential because it imposes its proper structures just like in the landscapes example I mentioned earlier, and the subject is also essential since it is required not only to reveal the object but to guarantee its existence, too. Furthermore, Sartre specifies that the literary object is not conveyed in the language but through and through it. That is why any literary work deserves to be re ad in fix to make it complete, revealed and ultimately created. Hence the activity of the reader is linked to creation, which makes us r each(prenominal) a unique instance The object is given as it is to its creator which makes him enjoy what he creates.After explaining the essence and moment of writing and reading which are inter colligate and complete each other, Sartre will proceed with the third question which is intimately the special relationship existing between the author and his reader. The precedent is in need of the latter to complete what he started. In fact, for Sartre, every literary work is an appeal and particularly an appeal for freedom of the reader so that the latter would be able to contribute to the making of the literary work. So there will be no work without readers. Here, it is noticeable that Sartres existentialist inclination of an orbit is dominant as he places the word freedom at the core of the relationship between the author and the reader. What is more, there is an implicit agreement between the devil to recognize the freedom of the other, and so the reader presupposes that the writer has realized his writing freely as any human being, otherwise the written work would be uninteresting and purely determinist. Parallelly, the author recognizes the freedom of his reader as it is a basic requirement for the completion of his work. For this reason, reading is defined as an act of practicing humanity Each one devotes himself to the other in thorough freedom and being as much demanding as possible both vis--vis the author or towards oneself.To sum up this process, I can say that the author has recovered the world by giving it to be seen as it is, but as if it had its source in human freedom 3 and not in the mere chance of things. As to the reader, he recovers and interiorizes this external world or non ego, Sartres term by transforming it into a compulsory chore, The world is my task 4. In fact, it is this process of interioriza tion which will cause the reader to feel what Sartre calls an esthetic joy, and it is only when this joy takes place that the work can be considered complete. So each one is a winner and is thus rewarded. But is that all? Of course not Sartre thinks that this disclosure-creation process should also be an imaginary engagement in the doing 5. Afterwards, he moves on to criticize realism which pretends doing only contemplation, a word which contradicts action because when the author names something Sartre takes injustice as an example, he creates it as wellhead and invites his reader to do the same, which makes the two sides responsible for it in the real world.After evoking responsibility, J.P Sartre goes back to his central idea, that of freedom, the writer, a free man addressing free men, has only one subject freedom 6. This sounds a good answer to the question of the chapter Why write? According to Sartre, writing is undoubtedly and profoundly linked to freedom therefore one sho uld take his chance fully by writing about critical areas like politics and democracy. To write is a way for seeking freedom if one st humanities this process of writing either willingly or unwillingly, he is definitely engaged. Again Sartre launches the term engaged, so now the question would be to know the public for whom one writes so as to define where and how to engage. That is what Sartre is going to answer is his next chapter entitled, For whom does one write?In this chapter, the author will tackle the fundamental relationship between the writer and his public but this time from a historical perspective. Sartre proposes an answer to the chapters question. As a matter of fact, one writes for the universal reader, and the fate of the writer is addressed to all men. 7 However, Sartre restrains this assertion by explaining that the writer has always had this ambition to be somehow immortal through overstepping the historic moment he lives into a high level, but Sartre insists th at the writer should communicate with his contemporary fellow writers and also with those sharing the same culture with him. So to say, there is a certain degree of complicity and some shared values between them which makes of the latter communication, a very specific one. It is indeed a historic contact both because it is a part of history and also since it is engraved in it. Therefore, the writer has a role to play a mediator not only is he a Man, but a writer as well a position that he chose. Again, Sartre uses his existentialist key-term freedom, which is at the origin of this choice, but once this choice made, the inn will invest on the author by pose barriers and frontiers in front of him by their demands and exigencies. This point brings us to question the importance of the relationship between the writer and his public.To illustrate this point Sartre introduces the example of the African American writer Richard Wright a writer that had as an aspiration to defend the rights of the oppressed black Americans. There are mainly two points to stress on the first is that Wright was addressing the cultivated Negroeshis compatriots, but at the same time he was addressing all men. Thus, by putting his name in history, the writer will achieve this much desired infinite leap. The second point is that his public was torn apart, Negroes on one side and whites on the other, which gives words a double meaning, one for the Negroes and one for the whites.From the aforementioned example, Sartre will better his reflection upon the relationship between the writer and his public. As I have already explained, the writer reveals the society which makes the latter faced with an imperative choice to assume itself or to change. That is why it is said that the writer has a epenthetic function he seeks to meet those who make him live by attracting their care to situations they would rather not want to see. This conflict, which is at the very base of the position of the writer, can be explained as follows on the one hand, we have the conservative forces or the real public of the writer but on the other hand, we have the progressivists or the virtual public. Sartre will subsequently present a brief history of the relations between the two forces the real and the virtual. He starts from the Middle Ages, an era in which only the clerks knew to read and write and these two activities were considered as techniques just as those of any craftsman.What is more, the public was very restricted to clerks since they write for each other and the coating was not to change things but to maintain the order as it is. Next, Sartre moves to the 17th century which brought up the secularization of the writer 8 but this secularization did not mean a universalization since the public was very restricted, too. Additionally, the public was very active since everybody was reading because they knew to do so, but they were judging following precise values. People at that time had a dominant religious ideology guarded by the clerks, and which was soon doubled by a political ideology which had also its watchdogs. Nonetheless, there was a third category, one composed of writers who accept both these religious and the political facts because they are part of the context without being completely useful to them. They do not naturally question their mission the latter is already traced contrary to todays writer. They are classical, that is to say they progress in a stable world where the quest is not to discover but to construct what is already known. The society or rather the elite demand that the writer reflects not what the society is but what the society thinks it is art should be moralizing. Again, Sartre asserts that we can detect a liberating power within a given work since the latter has an effect, which is to free the human being from his passions.Sartre will later on tackle the 18th century turning of history in which the writer will refuse ideologies of the ruling classes, and then he will talk about the 19th centurys status of literature which is characterized by the ideology of destruction which will end up by the advent of surrealism. So literature is at a hard stage of alienation in which it is merely a means or a tool and not an aim in itself. Sartre sums up the present situation of the writer in three points First, he is disgusted of the sign as he prefers disorder to composition and thus poetry to prose. Second, he considers literature a sample expression like all other expressions existing in brio and thus he is not ready to sacrifice his life for literature. Third, the writer is going through a crisis of moral conscience because he can no longer define his role. So, Sartre proposes for the writer to act in order to survive and ultimately to create a state of equilibrium. Finally, Sartre draws the portrait of an ideal society without classes and in which the virtual public is in a rich relationship with the real public. Th is way the writer could speak to all his contemporaries so as to express their joys and angers. Literature would contain the whole human condition and would be anthropologist. It would be a pure utopia which would enable literature to be fulfilled in all its purity. This utopia can be very useful as an example, but it has its limits since it does not actually represent what was happening in Sartres time.To conclude his book, Sartre will be more concrete as he states the situation of the writer in his time (that is in 1947) and suggests some pieces of advice to his contemporary writers.Sartres contribution to literary theory is very important and what makes it so meaningful is the fact that Sartre is both a critic and a writer. His ideas about literature are very influenced by his existentialist-Marxist view of the world. Generally speaking, existentialism tries to make meaning in a chaotic and nonsensical world and Sartre argues that it is Man who makes himself, and as a major repr esentative of existentialism, Sartre seeks to analyze literary works while emphasizing on the struggle to define meaning and identity in the face of alienation and isolation.Thus, in his book, Sartre sees literature as the product of the relation between the author and the society he lives in. As far as form is concerned, he prefers prose to verse and considers that the aim of prose is humanist or the sublime human existence and this idea goes hand in hand with his historied motto Existentialism is humanism. Also, for him, language is the strongest tool of communication and literature is the culminating stage of this communication. This view leads Sartre to embrace the idea of engagement of literature since literature is essentially a social product though written by individuals. Here, I personally feel attracted by this idea of commitment since a writer or an artist in general has a vital responsibility over his society, and even though sometimes readers may read works with no dida ctic or moral intention, it is undeniable that art is extremely purposeful. The evidence that shows that art has an influence on society is that it presents new values not only helping to develop society, but shaping its behavior as well, for example we can draw many lessons from a plays characters that do not stop at purifying us but influences us by its content and result Aid 1988 9.Moreover, I share this idea of Sartre raised mainly against the 19th century movement of art for arts sake and which views that the intrinsic value of art, and the only true art, is divorced from any didactic, moral or utilitarian function 10 and also against the bourgeois writer, who was more given to his craft than to his audience. Furthermore, considering the existentialist idea of Man in the world and since the writer is a Man, his real existence is a literary identity for him. That is to say, a writer defines himself by engaging willingly and consciously in intentional action.I think that Sartre is like Terry Eagleton 1983 in seeking a definition of literature. However, the latter does not consider literature as being merely imaginative, but as using language specifically, that is to say, as Jakobson believes literature is a type of writing which exerts an organized violence on the ordinary discourse and condenses the ordinary language as the composition, sounds and rhythm of the words overtakes its lexical meaning. Thus, the language of literature aims at attracting attention to it. In addition, for the Russian Formalists, cited by Terry Eagleton in his introduction to literary theory 1983 the literary work is neither a vessel for transporting ideas nor a reflection of the social reality but a physical truth since it is compounded of words and not subjects or emotions, Literary language is a set of deviations from a norm a special kind of language, in contrast to the ordinary language we commonly use. Eagleton 1983 11Here, it would be useful to notice that the formalists overlook to analyze the literary content and focus only on analyzing the form, and instead of considering the form as an expression of the content, they see it as a mere motive for it, and even though some formalists never deny the existing relationship between literature and society, they refute the idea that this relationship might be of some interest to the critic. Besides, If Sartre focuses on two main principles engagement and freedom, Eagleton stresses on one major principle which is that literature by nature is a non-pragmatic discourse contrary to Sartres convictions, that is to say that literature is a language that indicates itself only. This view of Eagleton resembles the views of the Russian formalists about literature.As to the idea of alienation, Eagleton thinks that there is no writing which cannot be read as being modify since readers can use their ability of interpretation, because ambiguity and confusion are present even in most logical discourses, so every text i s open to interpretation. I can add to Eagletons contribution that life is full of instances of confusion, for example in cinema most films plots are based upon the ambiguities and confusions linked to everyday language.This idea is also advanced by Wolfgang Iser (1978) ,in which he says that readers are free to interpret a text the way they want but they have to construct it in such a way that renders it internally consistent. An open work must become coherent, and the vagueness must be normalized. 12To conclude, I would say that Sartres book was a manifestation of engaged literature in which he defines firmly the characters of the contemporary literature. However, his lucid reflections have raised many critiques from different scholars in different periods of time, but it understood remains a good reference for anyone who seeks to answer questions related to the nature and function of literature. I should say that I share most of Sartres ideas especially those related to the natu re and role of art and the relationship between the author and his reader. Literature has always had a function throughout history from Plato to our recent days either morally, educationally or socially, and any writer, anywhere, should know his responsibility over humanity and thus write purposefully. However, one can write for reasons which are not of necessity didactic, such as for delight and amusement of the reader. In any case, I think that a writer should combine both meaningful and amusing approaches in his literary work, therefore literature can teach and delight Sidney 1595 13

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From Pyrethrum

Two Step Extraction Of Pyrethrins From genus PyrethrumThe observational mark of the concentration and yield of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum pyrethrum flower is usually carried out with chromatographic techniques and accordingly, a bevy of methods require been developed over the years Wang et.al, (1997). These include laid-back performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Todd et.al, (2003) Essig and Zhao, (2001b), gas chromatography (GC) Essig and Zhao, (2001a) and super particular fluid chromatography (SFC) Wenclawiak and Otterbach, (1999). GC was chosen for convenience in this study. The first-step involves using n-hexane as termination to distill the pyrethrins from the solid threadb be (grounded and unsieved with particles size of about 30 meshes), and then the south-step, a purification step involves the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to obtain the pyrethrins from the crude hexane extract (CHE). The hexane p bentages (100g experiment size), in a water ba th at controlled temperatures and vigorous rousing, generated pyrethrins concentrations varying from 69.85 95.50mg/ml and yields of 0.85 3.76% of the dry weight. Extraction efficiencies under several conditions were investigated and the optimum blood line condition was 400C in 4hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, several inapplicable components exist in the CHE. The SFE was carried out with a self built unit ( stemma vessel of 120ml) with a sample size of 40ml of CHE. Concentrations of 57.25 93.79mg/ml and yields (after the second bloodline) of 0.99 2.15% were obtained with the optimum condition being 350C at a pressure of 20MPa in 2hrs. Compared with the product from the factory, this sample contains cardinal extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) besides used in insect control.Key words Solvent descent supercritical carbon dioxide pyrethrins two-step beginning crude pyrethrins extractIntroductionPyrethrum flowers are from the Chrysanthemum genus and are known commercially as painted daisies, painted ladies, buhach, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, ofirmotox, insect powder, Dalmatian insect flowers, or parexan. It is believed to be recorded first in Dalmatia Visiani, (1842-1852). However, others contend that its insecticidal activity was first proven by Antun Drobac (1810-1882) Bakaric, (2005). Yet there are claims that it was first identified as having insecticidal properties around 1800 in Asia Jeanne, (2009) and that the Crushed and powdery plants were used as insecticides by the Chinese as early as 1000 BC Amrith, (2004). The flower contains about 1-2% pyrethrins by dry weight, but well-nigh 94% of the essence yield is concentrated in the seeds Casida and Quistad, (1995). The chemical structure of the active ingredients, pyrethrins I and pyrethrins II was identified in 1924 Chandler, (1948) Coomber, (1948). Kenya is the worlds main producer today with more than than 70% of the global supply Jones, (1973). The natural activ e ingredients are referred to as Pyrethrins consisting of cinerin I, jasmolin I, pyrethrin I, cinerin II, jasmolin II and pyrethrin II. The first three (chrysanthemic acid esters) are referred to as pyrethrins I (PYI), and the rest (pyrethric acid esters) as pyrethrins II (PYII) Essig and Zhao, (2001a). Pyrethrins, though insoluble in water, are soluble in many radical solvents WHO, (1975). They are non-volatile at ambient temperatures non-toxic to mammals and other worm-blooded animals gamyly unstable in light (photodegradable) biodegradable but toxic to aquatic animals Todd et.al, (2003) Chen and Casida, (1969) WHO, (1975). Their usage is mainly in biological rank protection domestic insecticides Gnadinger, (1936) and the formulations of synthetic pyrethroids Todd et.al, (2003). Although pyrethrins are soluble in a number of organic solvents (benzene, hexane, petroleum ether, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc) other considerations (practical, economic an d environmental concerns) limit the usage. These considerations burn the excerpts to just few. One of the qualities of Hexane in extracting pyrethrins is its ability to takeively dissolve the active ingredients minus contaminants. A nonher is that its removal from the concrete is achieved at lower temperatures limiting adulteration due to prolonged heating. Again, its low boiling point is a needed quality and it can be recycled, reduce the weight of the concrete. Above all, it is inexpensive, considered environmentally friendly, little toxic, non-corrosive, and non-reactive traits which make it the dominant solvent adopted, especially for processing plant (biological) materials (products) which are often thermally labile, lipophilic, and non-volatile and are required to be kept and processed at around room temperatures. Carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) has a critical temperature of 31oC which makes it particularly an attractive medium for these kinds of tasks. Though other s upercritical fluids (SCFs) show critical temperatures in this critical state and can be adapted as solvents, they are often difficult to handle and obtain in pure state, may be toxic, fickle or ecologically unsafe. Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-carbonic acid gas) is by far, the most extensively used due to its non-toxic, inert and non-flammable nature. It is alike natural, inexpensive, plentiful, non-toxic and inflammable and generally environmentally accepted Schneider et.al, (1980). Its most important properties are enhanced density, viscosity, diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity. soaringer densities contribute to greater dissolution of compounds while low viscosities enable flaccid penetration into samples and facilitation of flow of extracted (targeted) molecules from the source materials with fewer hindrances Dunford et.al, (2003). Diffusivity offers easy and faster transport through samples hence offers better extraction strengths and dissolved ingredie nts are also easily separated from the supercritical solvent by drivel in pressure Fattori et.al, (1988). Sc-CO2, for the above and many reasons used as solvent in extraction saves both era and money while retaining overall extraction precision and accuracy with high purity and healthy products that are of excellent quality Raventos et.al, (2002) Mohamed and Mansoori, (2002). Expectedly, a lot of research is now focused on the extractions of plant materials with supercritical carbon dioxide due primarily to the global growing solvent (organic) regulations and more importantly, the economic benefits (in harm of low operating temperatures faster extractions and easier purifications, and of course better product quality). Stahl and Schutz Stahl and Schutz, (1980) extracted pyrethrins with CO2 and proposed that in the 20C to 40C temperature range decomposition (usually associated with pyrethrins extraction) does non occur. Sims patented in the US, an extraction of pyrethrins using liquid carbon dioxide Sims, (1981) and Wynn and others patented using Sc-CO2 Wynn et al. (1995). Wenclawiak and coworkers compared extracts obtained with ultrasonic (USE) and Soxhlet extractions (SEX) with hexane and Sc-CO2 extractions (SCE) and reported that direct extraction with SCE gave better pyrethrins content Wenclawiak et.al, (1995).2. 0. observational2.1. Materials and ChemicalsGrounded chrysanthemum (light green with a characteristic smell) sample and two pyrethrum concretes (yellow) were obtained from Yunnan Juxiang congenital Plant Products Company in China. The pyrethrins content of the concretes was claimed to be 50.0% (29.50% PYI and 20.50% PYII) and 85.15% (46.33% PYI and 38.82% PYII). Six individual banner solutions (using standard addition method) were prepared (from the 85.15% PY concrete-higher content, less(prenominal) impurities) for standardization of the analytical method. Analytical grade hexane (97.0%) and Ethanol (99.7%) were purchased from Sinopharm Ch emical Reagent Co. Ltd in China, and used directly without any pre-treatment. CO2 (99.0 %) gas was supplied by Xin Hongli Gas Company also in China.2.2. ExperimentsThree various experiments were performedTo establish the standard/calibration curves for determining the components,To implement hexane extraction and steady down the yield of total PY in the grounded sample, andTo implement SFE and determine the yield of total PY in the CHE.2.3. Establishing Standard CurvesThe GC (Agilent) conditions used for establishing the standard curves are as follows tide rip injector with 201 split ratio at 2500C Nitrogen as carrier gas at 1.6mL/min ow rate injection volume of 0.1 L temperature program started at 1800C, kept for 11 minutes, modify at 100C/ min to 2000C, kept for 8 minutes, heated to 210 0C at 100C/min, kept for 18 minutes, then heated to 2450C at 30 0C/min, maintained for 4 minutes FID detector HP-5 Column, 30 mm 0.32 mm id., 0.25 m lm thickness. This column was chosen becaus e it gives the best resolution, identication and quantication for products containing OH and C=O Rosana, (2003). 2g (85.15% concrete obtained from the company) of the extract was transferred into a 100mL flask containing 10mL ethanol, and then made up to the final volume of with ethanol and mixed well. Six aliquots (1mL, 2mL, 4mL, 8mL, 16mL and 32mL) of this solution were transferred into a 50mL flask each and diluted with ethanol again to the mark. We then calculated the concentrations of the PY in each aliquot, considering the percentage of each group (PYI and PYII) in the sample provided (Table A1 in the Appendix), injected (with a micro syringe) 0.1L of each solution into the GC after filtering (0.45-m membrane filter) and recorded the elution quantify and corresponding peak areas (Table A2) subsequently, established the standard curves to express the relationship between the areas produced by the GC and the concentrations (Figure 2).2.4. Hexane ExtractionWe extracted pyrethri ns (from 100g of grounded sample of particle size of about 30mesh) with hexane in a water bath (YUHUA, DF-101S) in batches at different temperatures (35oC, 40 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC and 70 oC) and times (3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs and 7hrs) in a 1000mL round-bottom flask, installed with a condenser. Agitation was achieved by stirring vigorously with three big size magnetic stirrers at a speed of 20rpm. The hexane was then removed from the pyrethrin concrete with a rotary evapourator (YUHUA, RE-2000B) at a temperature of 35 oC at a speed of 185rpm to obtain concentrated Crude Hexane Extract (CHE). Each concentrated sample was thereafter, filtered (0.45m) and 0.1L analyzed (Tables A3). This method has the good that the solvent is repeatedly recycled and temperature can be controlled. It offers a light coloured product with high recovery rate of pyrethrins heretofore, not only the sought after components are extracted (Figure 3). Other soluble and hydrophobic substances (waxes and pigm ents) are also extracted Kiriamiti et al, (2003). The solvent is removed by vacuum at lower temperature and the waxy thick mass go away is the concrete composed of essential oils and other oil soluble (lipophilic) materials.3.0. Results and handling3.1. ExtractThe extracts (CHE) contain pigments, fixed oils and waxes whose colour is deep yellow with characteristic smell. It also contains several undesired components (Figure 3) compared with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1).3.2. Effect of Extraction TemperatureTemperature has long been reported to be a crucial factor in the extraction of natural pyrethrins Atkinson et.al, (2004). Pyrethrins are sensitive to temperature (thermo labile) and are therefore, unanimously reported to degrade above 40oC Stahl and Schuzt, (1980) Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002) Wynn et al, (1994). We investigated the effect of different extraction temperatures (40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC) in fixed extraction times (5 hr gave better resolutenesss than 6hr and 7hr). Our results correct to the reports (refer to Figure 4 and Table A3) the best yield (1.42) and PYI PYII ratio (4.75) is at 40oC (but the best PYII yield-0.33 is at 70oC). This suggests that targeted components are extracted effectively at this temperature (40oC), above which two problems occur (separately or simultaneously) one is the extraction of more undesirable components at the expense of pyrethrins and the other is the decomposition of pyrethrins to form iso-pyrethrins Stahl and Schuzt, (1980) Stahl, (1998) Gourdon and Romdhane, (2002) Wynn et.al, (1994) thereby reducing the yield as seen.3.3. Effect of StirringWe compared the effect of two stirring methods on extraction yield the first with one magnetic stirrer and the second with three magnetic stirrers. The results are shown in Table A4, confirming that stirring improves extraction yield by facilitating the dissolution of the active ingredients and the effective distribution of heat. The extractions (at 40oC in 5hr) were repeated severally to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.3.4. Effect of Extraction TimeWe further investigated the effect of extraction time by fixing the extraction temperature at 40oC with three magnetic stirrers to establish the optimum extraction time (our initial time parameters were 5hr, 6hr and 7hr in which 5hr was the best). From Figure 5, the extraction yield increases steadily from 3hr to a peak at 4hr (see data in Table A5). Within this range, more desired components are extracted but after 4hr the yield decreases indicating that with prolonged time, even at the safest extraction temperature (40oC), less and less desired components are extracted and/or they decompose resulting in the decrease in yield. The drop in yield is consistent from 4hr (3.76%) to 6hr (2.15%). This implies that the optimum time (within the times investigated) is not 5hr as initially expected but rather 4hr. However, the ratio of PYI PYII is best in 6hr (5.14). From 3hr to 4hr, the yiel d for both PYI and PYII appreciated but the growing in PYI (0.74) is greater than that of PYII (0.38) hence the drop in the ratio. Between 4hr and 5hr, there is decrease in both PYI and PYII yields. Again, the decrease in PYI (0.98) is greater than that of PYII (0.49) accounting for the drop in ratio. The same reason accounts for the drop in ratio from 5hr to 6hr.3.5. Effect of Concentrating CHEThe effect of concentrating the CHE, on both PYI and PYII yield was analyzed (Table A6). Even though the concentrating temperature (35oC) was downstairs the temperature above which PY degrades (40oC), there was loss in PY yield indicating degradation. This in our view may be due to the exposure of the pyrethrins directly to heat. As more hexane is evapourated, pyrethrins which hitherto, were locked in the solid sample matrix surrounded by hexane and as such shielded from direct heat, is now in direct contact with the heat and since they are sensitive to heat, decomposition is inevitable. Ho wever, the decomposition is small and negligible (about 2.25mg/ml which is about 0.41% of the total yield) due to perhaps the short concentrating time (about 30 min).4.0. Supercritical liquid Extraction (SFE)The CHE is too thick (viscous) to be used directly, coupled with the presents of undesirable components (waxes and pigments). A further treatment, usually with another solvent that only dissolve the desired compounds from the concrete is necessary. Different from other works, this study carried out SFE on the CHE as a purification step. We looked at the effect of time (hr), temperature (0C) and pressure (MPa) on extraction quality and yield. We have not studied the effect of particle size and pre-treatment for information on this area, see the works of Kiriamiti and others Kiriamiti et al, (2002).4.1. SampleWe concentrated the CHE in a rotary evapourator (from 500ml to 40ml at 185rpm in 30 minutes) for the SFE.4.2. Extraction formAt the beginning of the extraction (Figure 6), all the check valves are closed except valve 2. This allows the CO2 gas into the compressor 4 (OLSB by Zheng Zhou Co. LTD, China) to be compressed, and the pressure gauges are allowed to attain equilibrium at a set pressure (10, 15 and 20 MPa). Valve 5 is then heart-to-heart and the compressed fluid (Sc-CO2) is fed into the bottom of the extraction vessel 7 (120ml capacity) for up flow extraction configuration, containing the CHE (40ml) and metal fillings to comfort effective contacting (increase internal mass transfer) which had earlier been heated to a set temperature (350C, 370C and 390C) and allowed to attain constant temperature with the help of the water bath 6. An appreciable time is allowed (5-10mins) for the total and complete dissolution of the crude extract and then valve 8 is opened and maintained until the pressure is in equilibrium again. The pressure reducing valve 9 is opened finally to collect the pyrethrins in the flask 10. A mass flow meter helps to determine the flow rate (1.5L/min). The extraction process is run and stop at set times (1hr, 2hr and 3hr) and the extracts analyzed with the results tabulated (Table A8). The Metal fillings after each run were washed (10ml or 5ml of Hexane) and collected as residues to check for complete extraction.5.0. Results and Discussion5.1. ExtractsThe extracts did not contain visible pigments as was seen in the CHE. The colour was also different light yellow to orange but the smell was similar. It also contained two extra components (Figure 10) which was found (by GC mass spectrometry) to be Tricosane (Peak 6) and Tetracosane (Peak 7). This was as a result of comparison with the pure sample from the factory (Figure 1).We compared the yield of the extracts after solvent extraction, concentrating the CHE and the SFE and noted that there was difference. The yield from the SFE was less due possibly, to the relatively high pressures used. Separation of the Sc-CO2 and the product is achieved by a drop in press ure. These high pressures have the tendency of causing the products to remain in the BPR or along the pipe (between the BPR and the flask in Figure 6) due to clotting as a result of the pressure drop in spite of our use of heating tapes to minimize this effect. This is confirmed by the value of the yield in the residue (0.05%) which is far less compared to the difference between the concentrated sample yield (3.30%) and that of the SFE (2.15%, see Table A10).5.2. Effect of PressureAccording to Kiriamiti and others, the quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with decreasing pressure due to (i) the effect of density on the solubility of pyrethrins, (ii) the slightly high density of CO2, (iii) the moderate variation in density with pressure, and (iv) the very low undesirable extracted products Kiriamiti et al, (2002). Our results conclusively conform to this (Table A7). The best extraction pressure was at 20MPa (at 350C and 2hrs). The concentration of PY also increases within this pressure range (from 81.34mg/ml 93.79mg/ml). Similar phenomenon was observed for both 1hr and 3hrs, indicating that more pyrethrins were extracted than the undesirable components within this pressure range (Figure 7).5.3. Effect of Extraction TimeThe quantity of pyrethrins extracted decreases with extraction time at higher temperatures (above 400C), explaining that either pyrethrins decompose at these princely temperatures or more undesirables are extracted instead. From Table A8, the yield and concentration of PY increase from 1hr to a maximum in 2hr (1.35% 2.15% and 90.42mg/ml 93.79mg/ml at 350C and 20MPa). Both however decrease in 3hr (1.24% and 82.30mg/ml, Figure 8). This implies that pyrethrins were extracted faster than the undesirables from 1 to 2hr but as the extraction proceeds, more undesirables were then extracted at the expense of the pyrethrins or which decompose. Therefore, prolonged extraction time rather favours the extraction of undesirables or promotes decompos ition of pyrethrins.5.4. Effect of TemperaturePyrethrins are thermo labile and therefore require being processed at low temperatures. Therefore, high extraction temperature does not only degrade the pyrethrins but also favours the extraction of undesirables (Figure 9). Within the temperature range we investigated, the best yield was at 350C (Table A9).6. 0. ConclusionsPyrethrins are usually purified with organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, petroleum ether etc) or their mixtures Kasaj et.al, (1999) Henry et.al, (1999) Duan et.al, (2006) which are generally expensive, flammable and explosive and above all, face strict legislative controls Patrick, (2003). Alternatively, carbon dioxide is used to polish and purification. Sims proposed the use of liquid carbon dioxide Sims, (1981). Similar to our method, Kiriamiti and others reported the extraction of pyrethrins from crude hexane extract (CHE) from batch extraction experiment using carbon dioxide Kiriamiti et.al , (2003) but with different extracting conditions and analysis method (HPLC). It is worth noting that our set up is very simple and less expensive coupled with the fact that our sample, after the SFE, contains two extra components (Tricosane and Tetracosane) not reported so far as part of the purification step. These components are not hazardous Directive 67/548/EEC and have similar characteristics (may cause respiratory and digestive irritations), uses (as insecticides and biopesticides) and effects (they may not be detrimental to the insects but they certainly disrupt their behaviuor patterns and flushes them out for the more deadly pyrethrins I) as pyrethrins II Chemcas.org Chemnet.com PPDB, (2011) Wylie, (1972) Lewis et.al, (1975). We developed a simple but efficient two-step procedure for the extraction of pyrethrins from chrysanthemum (pyrethrum flowers) and investigated the effect of various operating parameters on concentration and extraction yield. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the two-step extraction of pyrethrins (first with hexane in a water bath and second with SC-CO2 as a purification step) is feasible and effective the optimum extraction condition for high pyrethrins yield (3.76%) for the n-hexane extraction was 400C in 4hr that vigorous stirring facilitated this and that it is possible to achieve extraction yield of 3% or even more envisaged by Casida and Quistad. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a high recovery of pyrethrins is reported. A number of reasons may be attributed to this high recovery i) extraction procedure, ii) choice of solvent, iii) vigorous stirring and above all, vi) the type of sample used. We further conclude that for the SFE (2.15% and 93.79mg/ml) the optimum conditions were 350C, at pressure of 20MPa in 2hr.7.0. ReferencesAmrith S. Gunasekara, (2004) Environmental Fate of Pyrethrins, Environmental monitor Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812Atki nson B. L, Blackman A. J, and Faber H, (2004) The degradation of the natural pyrethrins in crop storage, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 280-28Bakaric P, (2005) Buha prirodni insekticid, Gospodarski list 17 41-45Casida J. E and Quistad G. B, (1995) Pyrethrum Flowers Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses, Oxford University Press, New YorkChandler S. E, (1948) The Origin and archaeozoic History of the Production of Pyrethrum in Kenya, Pyrethrum attitude 1 (1) 10-13Chen Y-L, and Casida J. E, (1969) Photodecomposition of Pyrethrin I, Allethrin, Phthalthrin, and Dimethrin, J. Agr. Food Chem. 17 208-215Coomber H. E, (1948) The Chemical Evaluation of Pyrethrum Flowers, Pyrethrum Post 1 (1) 16-19Directive 67/548/EEC The Dangerous Substances Directive (as amended) is one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety.Duan Wei, Zhengguo Li, Guomin Wang, Yingwu Yang, Yingguo Li and Yuxian Xia, (2006) Separation and purification of Natural pyrethrins by reversed phase high perform ance liquid chromatography, Chin. J. of Anal. Chem., vol.34, is.12, pp 1776-1779Dunford N. T, Teel J. A and King J. W, (2003) A Continuous Counter Current Supercritical Fluid Deacidification Process for Phytosterol Ester Fortification in Rice Bran Oil, Food Research planetary 36, 175-181Essig K and Zhao Z, (2001b) rule Development and Validation of a High-Performance transparent Chromatographic Method for Pyrethrum Extract, J Chromatogr Sci 39 (4) 473-480 (8)Essig K and Zhao Z. J, (2001a) Preparation and characterization of a Pyrethrum extract standard. LC/GC 19(7) 722-730Fattori M, Bulley N. R, and Meisen A, (1988) Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Canola See Oil solubility and Effect of Seed Treatment. J. A. O. C. S. 65, 968-974Gnadinger C. B, (1936) Pyrethrum Flowers. 2nd Ed. McLaughlin, Gormley, King, Minneapolis, MinnesotaGourdon C and Romdhane M, (2002) Investigation in Solid-Liquid Extraction Influence of Ultrasound, Chemical Engineering Journal 87, 11-19Jeanne Roberts, (2009) Insecticide treat Mosquito Nets and Malaria Prevention Weighing the Benefits, Naming the Benefactors at www.celsia.comJones G. D. G, (1973) Pyrethrum Production, In Pyrethrum The Natural Insecticide, J. E. Casida (Eds.), Academic Press. New York, NY, 17-21Kasaj D, A. Rieder, L. Krenn and B. Kopp, (1999) Separation and Quantitative Analysis of Natural Pyrethrins by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chromatographia Vol. 50, No. 9/10Kiriamiti H. K, Camy S, Gourdon C and Condoret J.S, (2003) Pyrethrin Extraction from Pyrethrum Flower using Carbon Dioxide, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 26, 193-200Lewis W. J, Richard L. Jones, Donald A. Nordlund and Gross H.R JR, (1975) Kairomones and their use for the management of entomophagous insects II Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitisation by Trichogramma spp, J. Chem. Ecol., vol. 1, No. 3, pp 349-360Mohamed R. S and Mansoori G. A, (2002) The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology in Food Processing, feature Article, Food T echnology Magazine, June, The World Markets Research Centre, London, UKPatrick Pelerin, (2003) Comparing Extraction by Traditional Solvents with Supercritical Extraction from Economic and Environmental Standpoint, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, TOME 1Raventos M, Duarte S, and Alarcn R, (2002) Application and Possibilities of Supercritical CO2 Extraction in Food Processing Industry An Overview, Food Sci. Technology International, 8 (5), 269-284Rosana V, (2004). Optimization of Gas Chromatographic-mass Spectrometric Analysis for Fatty Acids in Hydrogenated Castor Oil obtained by Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation. Analytica Chimica Acta 505, 223-226Schneider G. M. V, Stahl E and Wilke G, (1980) Extraction with Supercritical Gases, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, BaselSims M, (1981) Liquid carbon dioxide extraction of pyrethrins, US Patent no. 4281171Stahl E and Schtz E, (1980) Extraction of Natural Compounds with Supercritical Gases, J. Med. Plan t Res. 40, 12-21Todd G. D, Wohlers D, and Citra M, (2003). Toxicology Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids, Department of Health and Human Services, fashion for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GAVisiani R, (1842-1852) Flora Dalmatica, Lipsiae In Flora Europaea vol 3, Cambridge University pressWang I. H, Subramanian V, Moorman R, Burleson J and Ko J. R, (1997). Direct Determination of Pyrethrins in Pyrethrum Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection. J. of Chrom. 766, 277-281Wenclawiak B. W and Otterbach A, (1999). Supercritical Fluid Extraction Kinetics of Pyrethrins from Flowers and Allethrin from Paper Strips. J. Anal. Chem. 365 8, 472-474Wenclawiak B. W, Krappe M and Otterbach A, (1995) In Situ Transesterification of the Natural Pyrethrins, J. of chrom. A, 785, 263-267World Health Organization, (1975) Data cruise on Pesticides No. 11, Pyrethrins (www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest11_e.htm)Wynn H. T. P, Chen g-Chin C, Tien-Tsu S, Fong L, and Ming-Ren S. F, (1995) Preparative Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrethrins I and II from Pyrethrum Flower Talanta 42, 1745-1749

The Hindu Temples Architecture And Style Theology Religion Essay

The Hindoo Temples Architecture And Style Theology Religion EssayThe tabernacles in India have always taken an important dwelling house in their cultural and spiritual life of its peck, from the early times and till nowadays. In fact the whole cultural and spiritual life of Indian people is built around the synagogue. The overall purpose of the Hindi temple can be presented in such a way like the Himalayas, the temple points to the heavens, the ingleside of the gods. The Hindu temple, step by step, shape-by-shape reverses this primeval descent and places man back on the path toward heaven.Temples were usually built in places marked by peculiar(a) holiness.The legends associated them with the acts of Vishnu, Shiva, Durga and other gods.In the 4-5 centuries, when Hinduism during the reign of Gupta dynasty, became the state religion, the main structural elements of the temples were stand, sanctuary and super construction.The st unmatched base of a Hindu temple symbolized the al tar, on which the temple itself was sacrificed to a deity.With the modular characteristics of the proportions of the temple measure cap not taken into account.The temple was conceived as a structural unit, resting on the altar. In some early temples the contend of the sanctuary availd as main walls of the building, in others the sanctuary was surrounded by a flash ring of walls, which created a special gallery to circumvent.In any case, the churches were dark inside.Module for Hindu temples and their substance was a sculpture of a deity his idol.Temple priests were called guardians of the idol and the servants of God, whose dwelling was in the temple. Modern scientific psychoanalysis of a temple shows that temple-space is surcharged with great positive energy and the visitors can feel physical welfare and mental well-being. This fact rises a lot of questions how could a structure built of stone or of brick have that kind of energy? What makes the temple so powerful?There is a scientific view that a temple is not a home of God but it is the form of God that means that the temple structure itself is worthy of worship . (Michell , p. 68.)The temple architecture is a scientific phenomenon. The basal concept that determines worthiness of the structure and form of temple is The layout adopted for temple form is synonymous with the layout of the Cosmos. The plan of the layout of a temple is technically called Mandala or Vaastu Pada with a grid of 8x 8 =64 spaces or 9x 9 = 81 spaces of equal dimensions. In modern architectural terminology this can be addressed as energy-grid. Those two layouts are the geometrical formulae to replicate the subtle substance of the universe into visual material form. (Volwahsen, p 44)The important aspect of Hindu temple is that it serves as a cosmic intersection of man, God, and the Universe. But it also is the Universe, reflected in its repeating architectural forms. The careful mathematical measurements that lie in the basic c onstruction of a Hindu temple express the structure of the Universe. For example, in order for the temple to face east, its width must be a holy multiple of the fraction three-eighths. The outer dimensions of the temple must also satisfy five other equations relating to stars, planets and the passage of time. (Kramrisch, p.132)Another important analogy is between the temple and the mountain that can help to understand the divine purpose of the temple-to serve as a meeting place between man and the gods. It means that the gods could decline to be in the presence of man, like human souls rising up to meet the gods. (Rao, p. 126)The piece of land upon which the temple stands is itself a sacred location a tirtha, a Sanskrit word literally meaning crossing place is a site favored by the gods where water, shade and seclusion are plentiful. Temples must be built on tirthas in order to serve their true purpose as crossing places, and this site selection is only the first step in building a temple.Another important aspect is the vastu-purusa-mandala , that is a rough architectural blueprint for the foundation of the temple, that serves both a practical and a extravagantlyly symbolic purpose, becoming the architectural and spiritual foundation of the Hindu temple. (Rao, p. 135.)As suggested earlier, the temple is also a microcosm of the Universe, the mandala reflects this aspect of the temple as well the center square of the mandala stands for the mythical mountain of Meru, the geographic center of the cosmos. Around Mount Meru is arranged a symbolic pantheon of gods, and each god occupies its own square and is rank in importance by its proximity to the center. (Rao, p. 135.)The next part of this essay analyzes separate elements of the temple, both interior and exterior, and places these elements within the context of the temples divine purpose to serve as a cosmic meeting place for devotee and deity.The garbhagrha, the sanctum sanctorum of the Hindu temple, presen ts itself as a point of departure if the temple is a mountain, the garbhagrha is the core out inside the mountain. The garbhagrha is dark, and its walls are largely undecorated, that contrasts the exterior of the temple, which is often highly ornate and replete with thousands of sculpted images. The simple darkness of the sanctum reflects its function as a womb house, one of the meanings of garbhagrha. (Kramrisch, p. 169)Analysis of Hindu temples in Nagara and Dravida stylesThe two temples described here, one at Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh), the other at Angkor Wat, give the best possible thought process of how the contrasting Nagara and Dravida styles had developed by the 11 century and present aesthetic achievements of the Hindu architectural tradition.Style Nagara, which developed during the 5h century, is characterized by a tower-type hive (called shikhara) make up of several words of architectural elements, such as kapotas and gavaksas, culminating in a large round cushion like element, named amalaka, andparlance Drum.The plan of the temple is based on the square, but the walls are often broken down decorative elements in creating the impression that the tower is round.In more(prenominal) recent temples the substitution mandapa was surrounded by several small temple buildings, creating a visual effect of a fountain.From the 7th century Dravida , or southern style, has formed a benefital tower consisting of progressively diminishing tiers, bottleneck, and the dome on top, also called shikhara (in the southern terminology).Repeated horizontal tiers visually impart the southern temples squat.Less provable differences between the two main temple types Nagara and Dravida include the plan area, the selection and arrangement of stone, from which the cut shapes on the external walls and the interior, the range of decorative elements.In venom of their obvious stylistic differences, the temples at Khajuraho and Angkor Wat have basic principles connected with H indu beliefs and practices.Kandariya Mahadeva temple, KhajurahoThis temple was built in the middle of the 11th century by one of the kings of the Chandella dynasty, this great Shiva temple represents the Nagara style ad is one of the best achievements.Kandariya Mahadeva temple is the tallest monument at Khajuraho, its spire rising more than 30.5 metres above the plinth on which the temple is elevated. The temple has 30.5 metres in length and 20 metres in width. Like other fully developed Chandella temples atKhajuraho, it consists of a linear east-west instalment of access steps, entrance porch, columned hall with side balconies, and linga shrine with encircling passageway, off which open three additional balconies, that bring porches. The porches serve as balconies with high seating, bringing ventilation and light to the interior.What distinguishes the Kandariya Mahadeva temple from the other monuments a Khajuraho is its grand scale and elaboration of design and ornamentation. Undo ubtedly, the glory of the temple is its lofty curving tower, laurelled by an amalaka ( ribbed circular motif).Very significant in the temple is the sculptural treatment of its outer walls, which are covered with images of the god Shiva, to whom the monument is dedicated, with consorts, attendants and lesser divinities. Important among the images here are the aspect of the god, including those who subdues the blind demon, the cosmic dancer, and the destroyer of the triple demon cities. The sculptures are arranged in three tiers on the outside, amounting to no less than 646 figures in all, not counting the 226 figures of the interior.The temple is well known for its erotic groups which are placed on the juncture of the walls of the mandapa and the passageway surrounding the sanctuary, scar one of the most ritually vulnerable move of the monument. Among the other images are those of femaledeities, such as the seven mothers, let alone the countless apsaras, or heavenly maidens that a ttend on the gods, and who are shown in alluring postures that reveal the mastery ofthe Khajuraho artists in rendering female contours with conscious sophistication and exuberant grace.Angkor Wat in Cambodia, is the second Hindu temple described in the paper, that refers to the Dravida style. This temple was dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, the preserver of the world. Angkor Wat is a gigantic threestep pyramid adorned by nine slender towers of enormous height, the steps of the pyramid are capped by galleries. Framed by an enclosure wall and a majestic moat, the temple covers 2.5 square kilometres.The pyramid is raised on a vast terrace of 2 m high, and surrounded by naga balustrades. It opens to the cardinal points by entrance pavilions and stairways. The steps are crowned by surrounding galleries the first step, containing the gallery of the basreliefs, is 203 m large and 3 m high. Pavilions mark the corners, at the corners of the second tier are four towers, their superstructure is partly missing. The outer gallery of the pyramid, including thewestern corner pavilions, shelters the most precious treasures of Angkor Wat, reliefs in a total length of more than 600 m. They depict narrative scenes from mythology and history. Reliefs do not simply embellish a temple they make it a sacred space. In the images which depict the gods and their deeds, the gods themselves are present, and figures and parts of the body are either shown frontally or in profile. Reliefs were always carved in situ, after the walls had been finished they were cut into the stone.It is important to mention 12 stairways rise to the third level of the pyramid. All five towers open to the cardinal directions, giving open views along the galleries, and the overall picture was a wide and long-winded hall, full of light. The third level, where are the finest reliefs of Devata, was the throne room of God Vishnu.As for the symbolism of the temple, Angkor Wat is an unsurpassed image of the Mount M eru, the abode of the Gods in the centre of the world. equal to the five peaks of this mountain, at Angkor Wat five towers were visible from every cardinal direction. The enclosure wall symbolizes the mountains surrounding and hiding the Mount Meru the moat symbolizes the cosmic ocean. The temple obscure is a microcosm, an image of a perfect world, stable and in geometrical harmony.We can see that Angkor Wat, as well as Kandariya Mahadeva temple, as all Hindu temples serves as a cosmic intersection of man, God, and the Universe, and also the Universe is reflected in its repeating architectural forms.

The Jersey Shore’s Mad Fame Essay -- Television Reality TV

It is evident that MTVs The Jersey Shore is playing on the television when ace hears the pervasive lyrics of the opening credits. The song, Get Crazy by LMFAO, awards exactly what the show stands for, stupidity. A verse of the song states, I got the goose very hale ok, Im feelin loose alright ok, she love the beat alright ok, we love them Ds. The Ds stated in the song refer to the size of a charwomans breasts. The song continues to discuss matters such as drinking, partying at clubs, women as whores, and the continued reference to womens breasts. The opening song of a show commonly invites the viewer in and presents a general concept of what a specific show is about. The Jersey Shore, a show mostly known because of its infamous characters, presents a different perspective on life, as the show follows eight immature adults and their life of partying, drinking, sex, and idiotic views on life. Their carelessness has influenced viewers, especially the younger population, to follo w their footsteps and lively carefree lives by turning to alcohol, parties, and sex as escapes. Not only do they embarrass the younger population (mostly ages 17-27), but degrade women as well by portraying them to be easy and by being judged exclusively by their looks. These issues do have a solution though. One way my peers and I can address this problem is by not encouraging the ratings of these shows by not watching them and rather doing something productive with our time. Since these shows are generally watched by young adults and intended for them as well, another way my peers and I can address this problem is by requesting media companies to produce real shows with real people instead of shows that portray shocking views of young adults. Issues pr... ...n as a Model for Social Network Site Behavior. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 54.3 (2010) 508-525. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Nov. 2010.This study, overly conducted by the Journal of Broadcasting, f ocuses on the effects reality based television programs have on the social networking behavior of people, primarily younger viewers. The study dedicates one section to how the behavior of a particular age group correlates directly with the type of reality shows they watch. Reality television programs, according to the study, portray nonprofessional actors as ordinary and regular people. People therefore confuse the behavior of these actors as normal and ordinary behavior. Behavior shown in the Jersey Shore can be easily misinterpreted as behavior of ordinary people and can induce people to do the same.

Comparing the Social Criticism of Voltaires Candide and Samuel Johnso

Comparing the Social Criticism of Voltaires Candide and Samuel Johnsons Rasselas Samuel Johnson and Voltaire were both writers of enormous social conscience in the eighteenth century. It is not surprising then to discover that both men wrote short tales dealing primarily with criticism of the human condition. Ironically, these books were written and published in spite of appearance weeks of for each one other in 1759 (Enright 16). Johnsons Rasselas and Voltaires Candide are strikingly similar in their use of the episodic and romantic picaresque motifs. The underlying purpose within each authors criticism, however, allows many differences in the two tales to surface. The authors intentions diverge beyond superficial similarities and each bet develops a unique vantage point from which to observe humanity. Neither work can be accused of being a realistic tale. These moral fables are set in a fantastic, utopian, and ludicrous adult male. The distance from the reader in each tale is quite different, however. Johnson places realistic characters in an unrealistic world. He remains on the same level with his characters, describing the situations and environment in which they find themselves. In this manner the reader can identify with and feel empathy for the characters in Rasselas. They are thinking, caring, fallible human beings equal to the reader and the author. Voltaire creates a chasm between humanity and the world of Candide. The reader laughs not only at the situation or environment, for the characters are just as ludicrous as the world in which they live. It is possible that Voltaire wants his hearing to assume a position of moral superiority when reading the tale. The reader cannot take characte... ...liography Enright, D.J. Introduction. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. By Samuel Johnson. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Group, 1976. p.12,16. Hill, G.B. Introduction. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. By Samuel Johns on. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1887. p.17. Johnson, Samuel. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. Ed. Enright, D.J. London Penguin Group,1988. p.43,45,65,103 Johnson, Samuel. The Rambler No.184. Rpt. in Enright, D.J. Introduction. The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia. By Samuel Johnson. London Penguin Group, 1976. p.32. Maurois, Andre. The Sage of Ferney. Voltaire. New York D. Appleton & Co, 1932. Rpt. in Candide. Trans. Bair, Lowell. New York Bantam Books, 1988. P.6-7. Voltaire. Candide. Trans. Bair, Lowell. New York Bantam Books, 1988. p.73,120.